LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY Flashcards
Body is upright with feet parallel and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward
Standard Position
Directional Terms (10)
-Superior (cranial)
-Inferior (caudal)
-Anterior (ventral)
-Posterior (dorsal)
-Medial
-Lateral
-Intermediate
-Proximal
-Distal
-Superficial (external)
-Deep (internal)
Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; ABOVE
Superior (Cranial)
Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; BELOW
Inferior (caudal)
Toward or at the front; IN FRONT OF
Anterior (ventral)
Toward or at the back of the body; BEHIND
Posterior (dorsal)
Toward or at the midline of the body; ON THE INNER SIDE OF
Medial
Away from the midline of the body; ON THE OUTER SIDE
Lateral
Between a more medial and a more lateral structure
Intermediate
Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Proximal
Father from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Distal
Toward or at the body surface
Superficial (external)
Away from the body surface; more internal
Deep (internal)
3 main body planes
Median (midsagittal)
Frontal (coronal) plane
Transverse plane
Spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs. Bones, muscles, ligaments, and other structures separate the various body cavities from one another
Body Cavity
The two largest human body cavities are
Ventral Cavity
Dorsal Cavity
Four abdominopelvic quadrants
RIGHT UPPER QUADRANT (RUQ)
LEFT UPPER QUADRANT (LUQ)
RIGHT LOWER QUADRANT (RLQ)
LEFT LOWER QUADRANT (LLQ)
Nine abdominopelvic regions
-RIGHT HYPOCHONDRIAC REGION
-EPIGASTRIC REGION
-LEFT HYPOCHONDRIAC REGION
-RIGHT LUMBAR REGION
-UMBILICAL REGION
-LEFT LUMBAR REGION
-RIGHT INGUINAL (ILIAC) REGION
-HYPOGASTRIC (PUBIC) REGION
-LEFT INGUINAL (ILIAC) REGION
Refers to the study of the causes of a mental or physical disease
Etiology
Considered as necessary conditions for the development of a disease
Etiological Factors
Enumerate the six etiological factor
a.) genetic abnormalities, either inherited or acquired
b.) infection by microorganisms, e.g. bacteria, viruses, or parasites, e.g. worms
c.) chemicals
d.) ionizing radiation
e.) physical trauma
f.) degeneration, e.g. excessive use or aging
The development of a disease and the chain of events leading to that disease
Pathogenesis
Progress of disease showing its morphological features or that leads to the diseased state
Pathogenesis
This is a tissue response to any kind of tissue damage such as trauma or infection
Inflammation
Inflammatory conditions are recognized by the suffix
-itis, e.g. appendicitis.
These arise when abnormal cells escape body surveillance and proliferate. The rate of their production exceeds that of normal cell death causing a mass to develop
Tumors
Tumors are recognized by the suffix
-oma, e.g. carcinoma
These are responses of the normally protective immune system that cause undesirable effects
Abnormal Immune Mechanism
These are the effects and consequences of abnormal changes in the blood and/or blood vessel walls
Thrombosis, Embolism, and Infraction
Occurs when blood clots block veins or arteries
Thrombosis
A blocked artery caused by a foreign body, such as a blood clot or an air bubble
Embolism
Death of tissue resulting from a failure of blood supply, commonly due to obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot or narrowing of the blood-vessel channel
Infraction
Difference between thrombosis and embolism
Thrombosis occurs when a thrombus, or blood clot, develops in a blood vessel and reduces the flow of blood through the vessel. Embolism occurs when a piece of a blood clot, foreign object, or other bodily substance becomes stuck in a blood vessel and largely obstructs the flow of blood
This is often associated with normal aging but may also arise prematurely when structures deteriorate causing impaired function
Degeneration
These cause undesirable metabolic effects, e.g. diabetes mellitus
Metabolic Abnormalities
Refers to a group of diseases that affect how the body uses blood sugar (glucose)
Diabetes Mellitus
These may be either inherited (e.g. phenylketonuria) or caused by environmental factors such as exposure to ionizing radiation
Genetic Abnormalities
also called PKU, is a rare inherited disorder that causes an amino acid called phenylalanine to build up in the body
Phenylketonuria
A disease with sudden onset often requiring urgent treatment
Acute
A disorder which develops any time after birth
Acquired
A long-standing disorder which cannot usually be cured
Chronic
A disease that can be transmitted (spread) from one individual to another
Communicable Disease
A disorder which one is born with
Congenital
A condition that results from healthcare intervention
Iatrogenic
An abnormality seen or measured by people other than the patient
Sign
An abnormality described by the patient
Symptom
A collection of signs and symptoms which tend to occur together
Syndrome
