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HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY > CELLS AND TISSUES > Flashcards

CELLS AND TISSUES Flashcards

1
Q

basic structural and functional unit of living organism

A

Cell

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2
Q

so, when you define cell properties, you are in fact defining the

A

properties of life

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3
Q

the activity of an organism depends on the

A

collective activities of cells

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4
Q

according to this principle, the activities of cells are dictated by their structure, which determines function

A

Principles of Complementarity

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5
Q

basis for the continuity of life

A

cellular basis

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6
Q

double membrane barrier

A

Nuclear Envelope/Nuclear Membrane

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7
Q

jelly like fluid of the nucleus in which nuclear elements are suspended

A

Nucleoplasm

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8
Q

site where ribosomes are assembled

A

Nucleolus

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9
Q

scattered throughout the nucleus ( when cell is not dividing)

A

Chromatin

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10
Q

dense rodlike bodies (when cell is dividing)

A

Chromosomes

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11
Q

3 major components of the cytoplasm

A

Cytosol
Inclusions
Organelles

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12
Q

semitransparent fluid that suspends the other elements

A

Cytosol

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13
Q

stored nutrients or cell products floating in the cytosol; also known as Cellular Pantry

A

Inclusions

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14
Q

” little organs” are specialized cellular compartments that are metabolic machinery of the cell

A

Organelles

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15
Q

all cells exhibit irritability ( the ability to respond to stimuli)

A

digest foods, excrete wastes, and are able to reproduce, grow, move, and metabolize

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16
Q

Parts that can be found in nucleus(5)

A

• Nuclear Envelope / Nuclear Membrane
• Nucleoplasm
• Nucleolus
• Chromatin
• Chromosomes

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17
Q

Structure: rodlike, double membrane structures: inner membrane folded into projections called cristae

A

• Mitochondria

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18
Q

Function: Site of aerobic respiration ( the “burning” of glucose ) and ATP synthesis power of the cell

A

• Mitochondria

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19
Q

Structure: dense particles consisting of two subunits, each composed of RNA and protein. Free or attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Ribosomes

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20
Q

Function: the sites of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

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21
Q

Structure: Membranous system enclosing a cavity, the tunnel, and coiling through the cytoplasm. Externally studded with ribosomes.

A

• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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22
Q

Function: Sugar groups are attached to proteins within the tunnels. Proteins are bound in vesicles for transport to the Golgi apparatus and other sites. External face synthesizes phospholipids

A

• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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23
Q

Structure: membranous system of tunnels and sacs free of ribosomes

A

• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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24
Q

Function: site of lipid and steroid ( cholesterol ) synthesis, lipid metabolism, and drug detoxification

A

• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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25
Q
  • Structure: consists of a stack of flattened cisternae and associated vesicles. Proteins and lipids from the ER enter this organelle at its cis face and exit at its trans face.
A

• Golgi Apparatus

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26
Q

Function: a factory in which proteins received from the ER are further processed and sorted for transport to their eventual destinations: lysosomes, the plasma membrane, or secretion

A

• Golgi Apparatus

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27
Q

Structure: single membrane-bound vesicles that are involved in energy metabolism and lipid biosynthesis

A

• Perixisome

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28
Q

Function: organelles that sequester diverse oxidative reactions and play important roles in metabolism, reactive oxygen species detoxification, and signaling. Oxidative pathways housed in peroxisomes include fatty acid β-oxidation, which contributes to embryogenesis, seedling growth, and stomatal opening

A

• Perixisome

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29
Q

Structure: membranous sacs containing acid hydrolases ( powerful digestive enzymes)

A

• Lysosomes

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30
Q

Function: sites of intracellular digestion. The “stomach” of the cell

A

• Lysosomes

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31
Q

Structure: Cyndrical structures made of tubulin proteins

A

• Microtubules

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32
Q

Function: support the cell and give it shape. Involved in intracellular and cellular movements form centrioles and cilia and flagella, if present

A

• Microtubules

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33
Q

Structure: fine filaments composed of the protein actin

A

• Microfilaments

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34
Q

Function: involved in muscle contraction and other types of intracellular movement help form the cell cytoskeleton and microvilli, it present

A

• Microfilaments

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35
Q

Structure: Protein fibers; composition varies

A

• Intermediate Filaments

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36
Q

Function: the stable cytoskeletal elements resist mechanical forces acting on the cell

A

• Intermediate Filaments

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37
Q

Structure: paired cylindrical bodies, each composed of nine triplets of microtubules

A

• Centrioles

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38
Q

Function: Organize a microtubule network during mitosis ( cell division) to form the spindle and asters. Form the bases of cilia and flagella

A

• Centrioles

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39
Q

Structure: Varied: include stored nutrients such as lipid droplets and glycogen granules, protein crystals, pigment granules

A

• Inclusions

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40
Q

Function: Storage for nutrients, wastes, and cell products

A

• Inclusions

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41
Q

what are the 2 main processes in membrane transport

A

A. Passive Processes
B. Active processes

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42
Q

the ability to respond to stimuli

A

irritability

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43
Q

Cell Physiology: All cells exhibit

A

irritability, digest foods, excrete wastes, and are able to reproduce, grow, move, and metabolize

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44
Q

The movement of a substance from an area of its lower concentration It occurs because of kinetic energy of the molecules themselves; no ATP required

A

Diffusion

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45
Q

The diffusion of dissolved solutes through the plasma membrane

A

simple diffusion

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46
Q

The diffusion of water across the plasma membrane

A

osmosis

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47
Q

Diffusion that requires a protein channel or carrier

A

facilitated diffusion

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48
Q

The movement of substances through a membrane from an area of high hydrostatic pressure to an area of lower fluid pressure

A

Filtration

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49
Q

In the body, the driving force of filtration is

A

Blood Pressure

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50
Q

use energy (ATP) provided by the cell

A

Active processes

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51
Q

Two types of ATP

A

Exocytosis and Endocytosis

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52
Q

2 types of active processes

A

active transport and vesicular transport

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53
Q

Substances are moved across the membrane against an electrical or a concentration gradient by proteins called solute pumps. This accounts for the transport of amino acids, some sugars, and most ions

A

Active Transport

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54
Q

Moves secretions and other substances out of a cells; a membrane-bounded vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane, rupture, and ejects its contents to the cell exterior

A

Exocytosis

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55
Q

In which particles are taken up by enclosure in a plasma membrane sac, includes phagocytosis, pinocytosis , and the highly selective receptor-mediated. In the latter membrane receptors bind with and internalize only selected target molecules.

A

Endocytosis

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56
Q

uptake of solid particles

A

phagocytosis

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57
Q

uptake of fluids

A

pinocytosis

58
Q

the longer phase of the cell cycle; metabolic phase

A

Interphase

59
Q

2 types of Cell Division

A

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

60
Q

the process of dividing a nucleus into two daughter nuclei with exactly the same genes as the “mother” nucleus

A

• Mitosis

61
Q

division of the cytoplasm, which begins when mitosis is nearly completed

A

Cytokinesis

62
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Mitosis: Prophase

63
Q

The centrioles separate from each other and begin to move toward opposite sides of the cell, directing the assembly of mitotic spindle ( composed of microtubules) between them as they move.

A

Mitosis: Prophase

64
Q

By the end of phase, the nuclear envelope and the nucleoli have broken down and temporarily disappeared, and the chromosomes have attached randomly to the spindle fibers by their centromeres.

A

Mitosis: Prophase

65
Q

The chromosome line up at the metaphase plate

A

Mitosis: Metaphase

66
Q

The chromatids ( now called chromosomes again ) begin to move slowly apart, drawn toward opposite ends of the cell

A

Mitosis: Anaphase

67
Q

This careful division of sister chromatids ensures that each daughter cell gets one copy of every chromosomes

A

Mitosis: Anaphase

68
Q

The chromosomes at opposite ends of the cell uncoil to become threadlike chromatin again.

A

Mitosis: Telophase and Cytokinesis

69
Q

The spindle breaks down and diasappears, a nuclear envelope forms around each chromatin mass, and nucleoli appear in each of the daughter nuclei

A

Mitosis: Telophase and Cytokinesis

70
Q

Formation of cleavage furrow over the midline of the spindle

A

Mitosis: Telophase and Cytokinesis

71
Q

usually begins during late anaphase and completes during telophase

A

Cytokinesis

72
Q

Four Primary Tissue Types

A
  • Epithelial Tissue
  • Connective Tissue
  • Nervous Tissue
  • Muscle Tissue
73
Q

Covering and lining epithelium covers all free body surfaces, both inside and out, and contains versatile cells

A

Epithelial Tissue

74
Q

Function: Epithelial Tissue

A
  • Protection
  • Absorption
  • Filtration
  • Secretion
75
Q

fit closely together to form continuous sheets with the help of cell junctions.

A

• Epithelial cells

76
Q

The membranes always have one free ( unattached ) surface or edge, the Apical Surface

A

Characteristic of Epithelial Tissue

77
Q

rests on a Basement Membrane

A

• Basal Surface

78
Q

have no blood supply of their own

A

• Epithelial tissues

79
Q

regenerated themselves easily

A

Epithelial cells

80
Q

Classification of Epithelia: Based on number of cell layers

A
  • Simple Epithelium
  • Stratified Epithelium
81
Q

Classification of Epithelia: Based on cell shape

A
  • Squamous cells
  • Cuboidal cells
  • Columnar cells
82
Q

Diffusion and Filtration and Secretion in serious membrane

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

83
Q

Secretion and absorption; ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

84
Q

Secretion and absorption; ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells

A

Simple Columnar Epithelium

85
Q

True or false: No simple transitional epithelium exists

A

True

86
Q

Protection

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

87
Q

Protection; these tissue types are rare in humans

A
  • Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
  • Stratified Columnar Epithelium
88
Q

Protection; stretching to accommodate distension of urinary structures

A

Stratified Transional Epithelium

89
Q

It is the most abundant and widely distributed of the tissues types

A

Connective Tissue

90
Q

Function of Connective Tissue

A
  • Protection
  • Supporting
  • Binding together other body tissues
91
Q

Characteristic of Connective Tissue (2)

A

• Variation in blood supply
• Extracellular Matrix

92
Q

Produced by the connective tissue cells and the secreted to their exterior

A

• Extracellular Matrix

93
Q

2 main elements of Extracellular Matrix

A
  • 2 main elements: ground substance, fibers
94
Q

Types of Connective Tissue (5)

A

• Bone
• Cartilage
• Dense Connective Tissue
• Loose Connective Tissue
• Blood

95
Q

Three Types of Loose Connective Tissue

A
  • Areolar Connective Tissue
  • Adipose Connective Tissue
  • Reticular Connective Tissue
96
Q

Osseous Tissue

A

Bone

97
Q

Composed of osteocytes sitting in cavities called lacunae

A

Bone

98
Q

These pits are surrounded by layers of a very hard matrix that contains calcium salts in addition to large numbers of collagen fibers

A

Bone

99
Q

Has an exceptional ability to protect and support other body organs

A

Bone

100
Q

Less hard and more flexible than bone

A

Cartilage

101
Q

major cell type of cartilage

A

chondrocytes

102
Q

Types of Cartilage (3)

A
  • Hyaline Cartilage
  • Fibrocartilage
  • Elastic Cartilage
103
Q

has abundant collagen fibers hidden by a rubbery matrix with a glassy, blue-white appearance

A
  • Hyaline Cartilage
104
Q

highly compressible; collagen fibers are in thick bundles, tightly packed, and run in parallel

A
  • Fibrocartilage
105
Q

shares many similarities with hyaline cartilage; matrix is very light staining

A
  • Elastic Cartilage
106
Q

create a dark- staining network around the lacunae

A

Elastic fibers

107
Q

Dense fibrous tissue other name

A

Dense Connective Tissue

108
Q

the main element Dense Connective Tissue

A

Collagen fibers

109
Q

Crowded between the collagen fibers are row of fibroblasts that manufacture the building blocks of the fibers

A

Dense Connective Tissue

110
Q

Forms strong, ropelike structures such as Tendons and Ligaments

A

Dense Connective Tissue

111
Q

attach skeletal muscle to bones at joints

A

Tendons

112
Q

connect bones to bones at joints

A

Ligaments

113
Q

Softer and have more cells and fewer fibers than any other connective tissue type except blood

A

Loose Connective Tissue

114
Q

3 main types Loose Connective Tissue

A

• Areolar Connective Tissue
• Adipose Connective Tissue
• Reticular Connective Tissue

115
Q

Fat; It is an areolar tissue in which adipose (fat) cells predominate

A

Adipose Connective Tissue

116
Q

A glistening droplet of oil occupies most of a fat cell’s volume and compresses the nucleus, displacing it to one side

A

Adipose Connective Tissue

117
Q

Insulates the body and protects it from bumps and extremes of both heat and cold

A

Adipose Connective Tissue

118
Q

Insulates the body and protects it from bumps and extremes of both heat and cold

A

Adipose Connective Tissue

119
Q

Vascular tissue

A

Blood

120
Q

It is considered a connective tissue because it consist of blood cells surrounded by a nonliving, fluid matrix called blood plasma. The “ fibers” of blood are soluble proteins that become visible only during blood clotting

A

Blood

121
Q

Transport vehicle for the cardiovascular system, carrying nutrients, wastes, respiratory gases, etc.

A

Blood

122
Q

Highly specialized to contact, or shorten, which generates the force required to produce movement

A

Muscle Tissue

123
Q

3 types of Muscle Tissues

A

• Skeletal Muscle Tissue
• Cardiac Muscle Tissue
• Smooth Muscle Tissue

124
Q

Attached to skeleton; Can be controlled voluntarily

A

Skeletal Muscle

125
Q

long, cylindrical and multinucleate, and they obvious striations

A

cells of skeletal muscle

126
Q

consist of blood cells surrounded by a nonliving, fluid matrix called

A

blood plasma

127
Q

soluble proteins that become visible only during blood clotting

A

The “ fibers” of blood

128
Q

Is found only in the heart wall; As it contracts, the heart acts as pump to propel blood through the blood vessels

A

Cardiac Muscle

129
Q

Involuntary control; Has striations, but cardiac cells have only a single nucleus and are relatively short, branching cells that fit tightly together ( like clasped fongers ) at junctions called intercalated discs

A

Cardiac Muscle

130
Q

single nucleus and are relatively short, branching cells that fit tightly together ( like clasped fongers ) at junctions called

A

intercalated discs

131
Q

Found in the walls of hollow organs such as the stomach, uterus, and blood vessel

A

Smooth Muscle

132
Q

its walls contracts, the cavity of an organ alternately become smaller or enlarges so that substances are mixed and/or propelled through the organ along specific pathway

A

Smooth Muscle

133
Q

For international communication and control

A

Nervous Tissue

134
Q

Neurons and supporting cells form the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

A

Nervous Tissue

135
Q

two major functional characteristic Nervous Tissue

A

Irritability and conductivity

136
Q

Inflammation

A

Tissue Injury

137
Q

Granulation tissue forms

A

Tissue Injury

138
Q

Tissue repair: (2)

A

Regeneration and Fibrosis

139
Q

replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind cells

A

• Regeneration

140
Q

involves repair by dense (fibrous) connective tissue, by the formation of scar tissue

A

• Fibrosis

141
Q

osteocytes sitting in cavities called

A

lacunae

HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (5 decks)

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