Language Development exam #1 (study guide) Flashcards
Who was the founding father of the behaviorist theory?
B. F. Skinner
Joint reference
Caregiver’s utterances and shared attention sure focused on an object
What are Mands?
Requests
Founding father of the social integrationist theory?
Vygotsky
Who is the founding father of the cognitive theory?
Jean Piaget
What is the weak cognitive hypothesis?
Cognition can account for some of the child’s language abilities, but not all of the
Who is the founding father of the nativist theory?
Noam Chomsky ( Dr Roseberry doesn’t like this one)
Principles espoused in the nativist theory?
- all children are born with LAD
- language competence is innate and the child learns language independent of the environment
According to Chompsky, what is language performance?
The actual production of language…what we see
According to Chompsky what is deep structure?
Holds the rules of sentence formation
What is Derivational morphemes?
Serve primarily to change the grammatical class of the free morpheme to which they are attached
What are inflectional morphemes?
Alter the meaning of the free morpheme to which they are attached without deriving a new grammatical category
What is a declarative sentence?
Makes an affirmative statement
What are Imperative sentences
Omits the subject of the sentence, sounds commanding
What is an interrogative sentence?
Forms a question
Passive sentence
The subject of the sentence is being acted upon
I terms of the practice of talking to babies, how can caregivers socioeconomic or cultural background influence this?
- mothers of socioeconomic status are less likely to talk to their babies, they also give ,ore commands
- in other cultures mothers are silent with their babies, they focus on physical needs. The baby has more interaction with siblings
Pragmatics
The practical use if language in social interactions
Semantics
The study if meaning in language
What type of skills do children need to develop in semantics and pragmatics.
- Turn taking
- children need vocabulary skills
Longitudinal research design
Observe some babies over extended period of time
Cross-sectional research design
Simultaneously observed groups of babies who are different ages
Single subject experimental design
1) get a baseline of babies behavior ( vocalization)
2) introduce a variable
3) see if behavior (vocalization) increases/ changes
Cognitive development at three months milestone
Visually searches for sources of sound
Cognitive development at six months milestone
Shakes toys to make noise
Cognitive development at 11 month milestone
Recognizes own name when you call
Cognitive development at 12 months milestone
Uses common objects appropriately
Social development one-month milestone
Establish eye contact with their caregiver
Social development three-month milestone
Exhibit selective social smile
Social development ten-month milestone
Gives toys on request
Social development twelve-month milestone
Exhibit emotions such as sympathy, jealousy, affection
Motor development two months milestone
Achieve visual focus
Motor development 3 mo milestone
Reaches for and grasps object
Motor developments five-month milestone
Sits up with flight support
Motor development seven-month milestone
Crawls and pulls self to stand
By one year of age babies can?
Point at what they want
Developmental milestones in infants speech for the six months
Marginal babbling
Developmental milestones in infant speech 6 to 8 months
- Vocal play
- Reduplicated babbling
- Non-reduplicated/ variegated babbling
Characteristics of motherese
1) closer proximity
2) Higher pitch
3) greater pitch fluctuations
4) Slower rate
5) More and longer pauses
6) Simpler
7) . Fluent and clear
8) Smaller set of words
9) Words are concrete objects
10) . Refer to objects and events in here and now
Reduplicated babbling
The syllable is duplicated in strings of repetitive syllables
/mamamama/
Variegated babbling
Strings of syllables are varied. Consonants and vowels may change from one syllable to the next within the same string
/gabida/
Illocutionary stage of development
1) 6 to 12 months
2) . The baby’s behavior is consciously directed towards influencing other people to act on the same object
Protoimperative
Infant gestures that seem to signal that caregivers should retrieve an object that is of interest. They are requests, commands, or demands for action
Protodeclarative
- Conversational in nature
- Seem to signal the infants primary goal is to attain their caregivers attention. Objects are only a tool in doing so
Deistic gaze
Occurs when infants Eye gaze becomes fixated on some object
Social smile
Occurs in response to another social presence
Types of joint attention
- Joint action
- Joint reference
What is joint action?
Shared activity that provides the topic of the caregivers utterances as well as providing the focus of attention
What are the theories of child’s language development?
1) . Behaviorist theory
2) Social interactionist theory
3) Cognitive theory
4) . Nativist theory
5) . Information processing theory
What are the principles espoused in the behaviorist theory?
1) Explains the acquisition of verbal behavior
2) Verbal behaviors are learned under appropriate conditions of stimulation, response, and reinforcement
3) . Breaks verbal behavior down in mands, tacts, , an echoics
What are Echoics?
Imitative verbal responses to stimuli are the speech of another person
What is tact?
Group of verbal responses that describe, comment on things around us.
- Socially reinforced by nods, smiles of approval
What are the clinical implications of the behaviorist theory?
- SLP’s select specific target responses, Create appropriate antecedent events, and reinforce correct responses
- Clearly establish a criterion for success
Kaderavek (2011) states that in therapy the behaviorist theory is…
- Drill and practice
- Drill focuses on discrete, isolated aspects of behavior
- SLP focuses on observable, measurable behavior
What are the principals espoused in the social interactionist theory?
- Language function, not structure is emphasized
- Language develops as a result of children’s social interactions with more competent and experienced members of the child’s culture
- Children first learn language through interpersonal interactions, then use this language to structure thought
According to Turnbull and Justice, 2012 ( social interactionist theory)
All human knowledge first exist on the social plane then on the psychological plane
Clinical implications of the social interactionist theory
- SLP is increased child’s motivation to communication
- SLP’s supply verbal and nonverbal situations that encourage children to communicate to meet their needs
What are the principles espoused in the cognitive theory?
- Emphasizes cognition and mental processes. ( I.e. Memory, attention, auditory and visual perception)
- Two forms of this theory: 1) Strong cognition hypothesis. 2). Weak cognition hypothesis
What is Strong cognition hypothesis?
- Cognitive abilities are essential prerequisites to language skills
- Language will not develop without these cognitive abilities
What are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?
- Sensorimotor ( 0-2 years)
- preoperational (2-7 years)
- concrete operations (7-11 years)
- formal operations (over 11 years old)
Sensorimotor (birth -2 yrs)
Stage of cognitive development
- Child demonstrates means- end behavior
- Child engages in symbolic play
- Object permeance occurs
- Around 12 months of age first word appears
Preoperational (2-7 years)
Stage of cognitive development
- Child demonstrates concreteness of thought
- Child is egocentric, has difficulty seeing others perspective
- Child over extends word meanings
- Child underextends word meanings
Concrete operations (7-11 years)
Stage of cognitive development
- Child is less egocentric, has increasing ability to see other people’s points of view
- Child acquires conversational and classification skills
Clinical implications of cognitive theory?
Must assess and treat cognitive precursors to language and facilitate development of these precursors before working on the language itself
Formal operations (over 11 years)
Stage of cognitive development
- Child has increased ability to see other points of view
- Child can think and speak in abstract
- Child can use verbal reasoning and “ if…then” statements
Chompsky Introduce the concepts of?
1) Language competence
2) Language performance
3) Surface structure
4) Deep structure
According to Chomsky what is the language competence?
Innate, child learns relatively independent of the environment
According to Chomsky what is the surface structure?
The phrase or sentence you hear. The actual arrangement of words syntactic order
What are the clinical implications of the nativist theory?
- Focus heavily on syntax
- Reinforcement is on necessary
Kaderavek, 2011 States that the nativist theory…
- Doesn’t account for children’s environments or interactions with caregivers
- Chomsky’s work was created at a theoretical level, it’s not based on listening to what children do when they learn language
What are the principals espouse in information processing theory?
- Concerned with how language is learned
- Focuses on steps involved in processing information
- Not about syntax and pragmatics
- Do kids remember what they here? Are they paying attention?
- Long and short-term memory important
Phonological processing
Concerned with processes involved in a child’s ability to mentally manipulate phonological aspects of language
Temporal auditory processing
Clinical implications of the information processing theory
What are the branches of linguistics that SLP’s are most interested in?
Sociolinguistics and developmental linguistics
Sociolinguistics
Attempts to describe language variations based on social cultural variables
Developmental linguistics
Attempts to describe the nature of emerging language and children’s language acquisition
Language stimulation activities that can be done with babies?
1) Talk to the baby from birth
2) . Read to the baby from an early age
3) . Introduce music
4) . Ask questions
5) Introduced two languages from birth
6) Introduce the baby two different objects and noises
7) Play turn taking games
8) Label things! Be repetitive
Developmental milestones in infants speech
birth to four weeks
Vegetative sounds like burps cries
Reflexive smile
Results from internal physiological stimuli primarily during sleep
Perlocutionary Stages of development
1) 0-6 months
2) The caregivers interpret the babies actions and vocalizations to mean something
3) Babies contributions to interaction or basically be on their control
Mutual gaze
Intensified focus on partners eyes
” eye lock”
Gaze coupling
Each partner alternately look at the other, looks away, and look back
Cognitive development
Four month milestone
Localizes sound sources
Cognitive development
One month milestones
Demonstrates regard for caregivers face and nearby objects
Developmental milestones in infant speech
9 to 12 months
Jargon
Developmental milestones in infants speech
8 to 12 months
Echolalia
Developmental milestones in infant speech
1 to 4 months
Cooing
