Language Development Exam #1 (lecture 1, The Dimensions of Human Communication PPT) Flashcards
What is communication?
The process of sending and receiving messages that serve to transmit information between persons or groups
What is communicative competence?
Occurs when speakers effectively influence their listeners behaviors
What is nonverbal communication?
- Does not rely on the use of words
- Conveys ideas through other behaviors
- Eye contact and facial expressions - Autism spectrum are nonverbal communicators
Verbal communication involves…
- Use of words to exchange ideas
- Auditory - oral spoken language
- Visual - graphic - written - pictures- gestures (Sign language)
What are extralinguistic aspects of verbal communication?
1) Prosody
- Melody
- Stress
- Rhythm
- intonation
2) Proxemics
- Use of interpersonal space
What is speech?
- Physical production of sounds to communicate meaning through the euro muscular control of the structures of the vocal tract
- Involves articulation, voice, resonance and fluency
What is phonology?
- Study of the sound systems of the language
- We have the IPA
What is linguistics?
- Linguistics is the study of language
- Sociolinguistics
- Attempts to describe language variations based on social cultural variables
- Developmental linguistics
- Attempts to describe the nature of emerging language in children’s language acquisition
- Sociolinguistics
What is sociolinguistics?
Attempts to describe language variations based on social and cultural variations
What is developmental linguistics?
Attempts to describe the nature of emerging language in children’s language acquisition
What is language?
Putting words in order according to rules of grammar and we communicate
What is expressive language? Or production expression encoding?
- It involves speaking and or writing
- Could also involve using symbols in an AAC device to communicate
Receptive language/ Comprehension, decoding and reception
- Can involve listening and or reading
- Not good talkers
Linguistic competence
What we know Consciously
- Represents speakers idealized, underlying knowledge of their language
Linguistic performance
- Refers to a speakers production of linguistic units
- Influenced by limitations such as fatigue, memory lapses, distractions, illness, etc.
What is Semantics and what is needed in order to have semantics?
- Study of meaning
- Lexicon- All morphemes that a speaker knows (Both free and found)
- Vocabulary- The collection of words learned by individuals
How do we teach semantics?
Word knowledge- Ability to define a word verbally
World knowledge- Actual physical experience with something
- Multiple meanings for a word (Rock = music, stone, slang)
- deictic words whose a reference change depending on who is speaking (This, that, here, there)
- Categories (Group similar words together)
What is lexicon?
All morphemes that a speaker knows ( Both free and bound)
What is vocabulary?
The collection of words learned by the individual
What does Paul and Norbury 2012 state about what language impaired children have?
- small vocabularies,
- they have word retrieval problems and us nonspecific words like “ thing” and “stuff”,
What is a sign of word retrieval problems?
Using “thing” and “stuff”
What 2 types of Antonyms are there?
- Binary antonyms ( No middle ground, Alive and dead)
- Gradable antonym- Exists on a continuum (. Ugly and beautiful)
What therapy is used for LI? (. Language impaired)
- Teach synonyms
- Teach more vocabulary ( thesaurus)Tired & fatigued
Movie stars & celebrities
Tasty& delicious
What is semantics relations?
The role that each noun in a sentence has in relation to the verb in the sentence
“I’m looking for daddy’s ball”. Daddy is the possessor
“Daddy threw the ball”. Daddy is the agent or actor who initiated action
What are gradable antonyms?
Antonyms that exist on the continuum. Example ugly versus beautiful
What are binary antonyms?
Antonyms that have no middle ground. Example alive versus dead
What is pragmatics?
- Practical use of language in social interactions
- Focuses on the speakers achieving a practical outcome through using language as a total
Speaker and listener rolls in pragmatics
- Determine how formal or informal the situation is
- Children need to develop the ability to switch register or the variety of speech appropriate to a particular situation
- Ability to switch among registers (Code switching)
What did Justice 2010 say about switching registers?
- Children need to develop the ability to switch registers or the vary speech appropriate to a particular situation
What is code switching?
You change the way you speak depending on who you are speaking to
- I phenomenon in bilingualism in which speakers unknowingly include elements of one language in the other
Two types of speech acts
- Indirect implied that there are several interpretations- more than one option
- direct- only one option“Is there any butter on the table?”
“Can you get it?”
What is discourse involves?
- Initiate a topic
- Topic maintenance
- Turn taking
- Repair (Restating when someone doesn’t understand)
What is cooperation principal?
- Appropriate quantity of Information
- Relevant to topic
- Truthful
- Deliverance in the clear, understandable manner
What is morphology?
- The study of minimal meaningful units of language
- Smallest elements of language that carry meaning
- Word structure
What is a bound morphemes?
Can’t stand alone
“Is, the, of, a, and, bye”
Kids omits them. “Me go play”
What must a bound morpheme be attached to?
- Free morphemes to carry meaning
What is a lexical morphemes?
Words that carry the “meat”
Cloud, University, taco, student, Harry Potter, run, walk, right, funny, crazy,
What is derivational morphemes?
- Serve primarily to change the grammatical class of free morpheme to which they are attached
- Thoughtful ( Adjective) —-Thoughtfully (adverb)
- Calculate (Verb)—–Calculation ( Noun)
- Ghost (noun) —-Ghostly ( Adjective)
What is discourse?
Conversation; Extended verbal exchange on some topic
What does discourse involved?
- Topic initiation
- Topic maintenance
- Turn taking
- Repairs, restating when someone doesn’t understand
In children’s language which morphemes come first?
Inflectional then derivational
Which are free and bound morphemes?
1) Campus
2) Ly
3) Cats
4) teaching
5) Walked
1) Free
2) . Bound
3) Cat= free. S= Bound
4) Teach= free. ing= bound
5) Walk= free. ed= Bound
What are types of free morphemes?
- Grammatical morphemes/ Function words: Is, the, of, and, a, but
- Lexical morphemes/ Content words: Words that carry the “meet “
Cloud, University, taco, student, Harry Potter
Which words are grammatical morphemes:
The professor is teaching the class.
The
Is
The
Free morphemes stand…
Alone
What are bound morphemes?
Inflectional
- suffixes. Alter meaning of free morpheme without deriving a new grammatical category
Derivational
- Alter the meaning of the free morphine to which they are attached by deriving a new grammatical class
Examples of bound morphemes are:
Suffixes (pg 27)
- Plural- s
- Possessive- s
- Past tense- ed
What is syntax?
- Sentence structure
- Specifies rules for sequencing or ordering words to form phrases and sentences
- Deals with rules for word order in a language
Do children with communication impairments grow out of the problem?
No. Therapy helps him deal with it and get their language to their fullest potential
McCormack et al., 2011
A nationally representative study of the association between communication impairments at four and five years old and children’s life activities
Australian longitudinal study of 4,329 children.
Ch id with communication impairments at 4-5 years old performed significantly more poorly than typically- developing ch when they were 7-9 years on all language measures.
- children won’t outgrow the problem. Therapy will help them deal with it.
- its a lifelong issue
What are types of sentences?
- Declarative
- Imperative
- Passive
- Interrogative
- Negative
What is declarative?
Makes an affirmative statement
“This class is the bomb”
- Generally the first type of sentences kids learn
What is imperative?
Omits the subject of the sentence. Sounds commanding. “Call this class the bomb”
A lot of language impaired kids Use imperatives. They sound bossy
What occurs to the subject in a passive sentences?
The subject of the sentence is being acted upon. “This class is called the bomb by the students”
Language impaired kids have a difficult time with that
What is interrogative sentence?
Forms a question. “Is this class the bomb?”
What is a negative?
Contradicts an assertion. “This class is not the bomb”
What is topic maintenance?
Being able to carry on a conversation
