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Fall '12- Lang Dev exam #1 > Language Dev exam #1 (chapter 1) > Flashcards

Language Dev exam #1 (chapter 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 major dimensions of human communication?

A
  • communication
  • language
  • speech
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2
Q

When verbal communities rely heavily on reading and writing words to communicate, they are said to be what?

A

Literate societies

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3
Q

From a linguistic viewpoint, communication is defined as…

A

A rule based mental system of language code used for understanding and expressing feeling, thoughts and ideas

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4
Q

From a theoretical perspective, communication has been defined as…

A

A process of sending and receiving messages that serve to transmit information between systems or groups.

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5
Q

What is a code?

A

A system of rules for arranging arbitrary symbols in a orderly, predicable manner so that others who know the code can interpret the meaning.

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6
Q

It is critical that a code is….

A

sytematic

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7
Q

What is sytematic?

A

Makes code predictable, orderly and organized

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8
Q

What is conventional?

A

Participants (senders and receivers) all follow the same patterns or rules

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9
Q

What is a symbol?

A

An item used to represent or stand for another object, idea or relationship

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10
Q

What is arbritary?

A

Symbols that bear no physical resemblance to their referents.

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11
Q

What is onomatopoeia?

A

Words that sound like the events they represent

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12
Q

What is iconic?

A

Gestural signs in sign language and pictographic languages appear much like the referent they are said to convey

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13
Q

What is communication competence?

A

It occurs only when speakers effectively influence their listeners behaviors

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14
Q

Competent communication must meet what 2 requirements?

A

a) the speakers behavior must relate to the topic or situation
b) the speakers behavior must have a practical effect on the listeners behavior

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15
Q

What is an agenda?

A

refers to the logical steps towards a desired goal

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16
Q

What 2 broad levels can human communication be broken down into?

A
  • verbal communication

- nonverbal communication

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17
Q

What is verbal communication?

A
  • Involves the use of words as symbols to exchange ideas

- Its also linguistic because it generally involves the use of lang. systems in arranging or ordering the words

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18
Q

What is nonverbal communication?

A
  • It does not rely on the use of words; rather it conveys ideas, thoughts or feelings through other behaviors
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19
Q

Verbal communication can further be subdivided into…

A
  • Oral auditory communication

- Visual-graphic communication

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20
Q

How many different spoken languages are their in the world?

A

3000

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21
Q

Can verbal communication incl. sign language or written contracts?

A

Yes

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22
Q

What are some examples of nonverbal communication?

A
  • a wink
  • a smile
  • a touch
  • maintaining or avoiding eye contact
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23
Q

What are nonlinguistic cues?

A

Non speech behaviors that accompany the speakers words and transmit certain cues through facial expressions, eye contact, gestures, body lang or proxemics

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24
Q

What are proxemics?

A

the study of the use of proximity, closeness, or interpersonal space in communication

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25
Q

What are the four regions of proximity in communication?

A
  • intimate
  • personal
  • social
  • public
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26
Q

What is speech?

A

It’s the physical production of sounds to communicate meaning through the neuromuscular control of the structures of the vocal tract.

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27
Q

What is articulation?

A

It is the production of speech sounds through physical movement of the jaw, tongue, lips and velum to change the size and shape of the vocal tract.

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28
Q

What is the vocal tract?

A
  • larynx
  • pharynx
  • velum
  • tongue
  • teeth
  • lips
  • oral and nasal cavities
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29
Q

What 3 basic components can speech be broken down to?

A
  • articulation
  • voice
  • fluency/ rhythm
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30
Q

What is phonation?

A

The production of sound through vibration of the vocal cords in the larynx.

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31
Q

What is resonation?

A

The process of modifying the vocal tone as it passes through the vocal tract

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32
Q

What is fluency?

A

It incorporates the rhythm, rate and flow of speech as it is produced.

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33
Q

what is phology?

A

They study of the sound systems of language

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34
Q

What is the IPA?

A

It represents all of the identified individual sounds of all the recognized human languages

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35
Q

What is a phone?

A

It represents an individual production of a speech sound in a word

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36
Q

What is phonemes?

A

Groups or families of sounds that are related by their acoustic similiarities

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37
Q

What is categorical perception?

A

Its when the listener tens to group variable productions of a sound together because the subtle acoustic differences are apparently insignificant.

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38
Q

What are allophones?

A

Phones that exhibit subtle differences, but are heard as belonging to the same category

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39
Q

What is a phoneme?

A

An abstract family of sounds which are all related by their similar acoustic features

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40
Q

What are distinctive features?

A

features or characteristics that help distinguish one phoneme from amnother

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41
Q

What is language?

A

It is a system of arbitrary verbal symbols that speakers put in order according to a conventional code to communicate ideas and feelings or to influence the behavior of others

42
Q

What is a dialect?

A

a distinct variation of a major language that is spoken by an identifiable subgroup of those people using that language

43
Q

What are speakers doing when related to expressive and receptive language?

A
  • encoding
  • expression
  • production
44
Q

What is a listener doing when it comes to expressive and receptive language?

A
  • decoding
  • reception
  • comprehension
45
Q

What specialized branches of linguistics are there?

A
  • comparative linguistics
  • historical linguistics
  • descriptive linguistics
  • psycholinguistics
  • sociolinguistics
  • developmental linguistics
46
Q

what is comparative linguistics?

A

The study of variations in language that occur from one location to another

47
Q

What is historical linguisitics?

A

studies the different and similarities across language from different periods of time

48
Q

what is descriptive linguistics?

A

attempts to describe he structure of individual languages

49
Q

what is psycholinguistics?

A

attempts to theorize the underlying mental operations used in formulating and processing language

50
Q

what is sociolinguistics?

A

attempts to describe language variations based on social and cultrual variables

51
Q

what is developmental linguistics?

A

attempts to describe the nature of emerging language in children’s language acquistiion.

52
Q

Grammatical aspect of language

What is grammar?

A

It refers to the conventional rules for arranging the symbols of language in sequences that convey the intended meaning

53
Q

The morphologic aspect of grammar

What is morphology?

A

It is the study of minimal, meaningful unit of language

54
Q

Morphologic aspect of grammar

What are morphemes?

A

They are the minimal, meaningful unit of language. These are the smallest elements of language that carry meaning

55
Q

A morphine is at least one phoneme, but not all phonemes are morphemes

A

For example: “I” = One phoneme and one morpheme

“W”= One phoneme, but not a morpheme

56
Q

Hey morphine is at least one syllable, but not also will both are morphemes

A

For example: “This”= One syllable and one morpheme;

“Catching” = Two syllables, two morphemes;

“envelope” = Three syllables, one morpheme

57
Q

A word is at least one morpheme, but not all morphemes are words

A

For example: “ball”= One word, one morpheme;

“opening”= One word, two morphemes

“ing” = Zero words, one morpheme

58
Q

What is a free morpheme?

A

They are units that can stand alone, independent of other units, and still carry meaning

59
Q

What are bound morphemes?

A

They are morphemes that must be attached to other (free) morphemes to carry meaning

60
Q

What are derivational morphemes?

A

They are defined as morphemes that serves primarily to change the grammatical class of the free morpheme to which they are attached

The thought that a ghost might be there made the house seem ghostly

61
Q

What is inflectional morpheme?

A

These are morphemes that alter the meaning of the Freemore seem to which they are attached with out deriving a new grammatical category

62
Q

Syntactic aspect of grammar

What is syntax?

A

It is the part of grammar which specifies rules for sequencing were ordering words to form phrases and sentences

63
Q

What different sentence types are there?

A

1) Declarative
2) Interrogative
3) Negative
4) Passive
5) Imperative

64
Q

Sentence types

What is a declarative sentence type?

A

It makes an affirmative statement

“The man is closing the window”

65
Q

Sentence types

What is an interrogative sentence type?

A

It forms a question

“Is the man closing the window?”

66
Q

Sentence types

What is a negative sentence type?

A

It contradicts an assertion

“The man is not closing the window”

67
Q

Sentence types

What is a passive sentence type?

A

It indicates that the subject of the sentence is being acted on

“The window is being closed by the man”

68
Q

Sentence types

What is an imperative sentence type?

A

Omitting the subject of the sentence, imparts a commanding tone.

69
Q

What different types of grammar are there?

A

1) Prescriptive grammar
2) Descriptive grammar
3) Intuitive grammar
4) Formal grammar

70
Q

Types of grammar

What is prescriptive grammar?

A

It is a set of rules that specifies how a language should be spoken

71
Q

Types of grammar

What is descriptive grammar?

A

It refers to the linguistic process of identifying and describing the regularities that occur naturally in a language

72
Q

Types of grammar

What is intuitive grammar?

A

It refers to the underlying knowledge speakers demonstrate by using and understanding their native language

73
Q

Types of grammar

What is formal grammar?

A

It is the written summary of the hypothetical rules that describe the regularities in a language

74
Q

What is linguistic competence?

A

Represents speakers idealized, underlying knowledge of their language

75
Q

What is linguistic performance?

A

The actualized production of linguistic units by a speaker, refers to the reality that this idolized knowledge must be applied in actually producing language

76
Q

What is generative grammar?

A

It is one that is comprised of a limited number of rules capable of generating an unlimited number of acceptable sentences in the language

77
Q

What is semantics?

A

Is the study of meaning. The first dimension of semantics is word meaning

78
Q

What is vocabulary?

A

It’s a collection of words learned by individuals

79
Q

What is lexicon?

A

It refers to all morphemes, including words and word parts, that a speaker knows

80
Q

What is semantic features?

A

It consists of the perceptual and conceptual characteristics that define the meaning contained by a word

81
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

It is the “experiential diary” of all the episodes or experiences related to that word’s meaning

82
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

The collection of related words and concepts they associated with the word, also develops

83
Q

What is the second dimension of semantics?

A

Word relations

84
Q

What is selection restrictions?

A

It describes why the Meanines of two words are either capable or incapable of being meaningful combined.

85
Q

What is an antonym?

A

Words that share the same features but are opposite in one feature

86
Q

What are binary antonyms?

A

They represent polar extremes that have no middle ground

For example live versus dead; you cannot be “kind of dead”

87
Q

What are gradable antonyms?

A

They are representing different gradations or points on a continuum

For example: cool versus warm

88
Q

What are hyponyms?

A

These are words that contain specific subset of a word known as a superordinate

For example, the word “couch” is a hyponym of the superordinate “furniture”

89
Q

What is semantic relations?

A

It describes the role each noun in a sentence has in relation to the verb the sentence

90
Q

What is pragmatics?

A

It is the study of language use

91
Q

What are the three linguistic aspects?

A

Grammar, semantics, and pragmatics

92
Q

What is functions In pragmatics?

A

It consists of those purposes or intentions that are achieved by speakers through the use of language

93
Q

What are her performatives in pragmatics?

A

the verb in certain utterances actually constitutes an act.

94
Q

What are speeches of acts?

A

All utterances are conceived as performing some act

95
Q

What are alternations in pragmatics?

A

Using different words or sentence forms to achieve the same results

96
Q

What is social context?

A

It refers to how formal or informal the situation is and the roles assumed by the individual speakers

97
Q

What is linguistic context?

A

It’s the information and utterances that have preceded an utterance can affect what is required in the speakers subsequence utterance.

98
Q

What is a direct speech act?

A

It achieves its end through an utterance that has only one interpretation

99
Q

What is indirect speech act?

A

It implies that there are several possible interpretations

100
Q

What is discourse in pragmatics?

A

It refers to an extended verbal exchange on some topic, essentially a conversation

101
Q

What criteria must an effective conversation meet?

A

1) . It must include an appropriate quantity of information
2) Of adequate quality or truthfulness
3) Relevant to the established topic
4) Delivered in a manner that is clear and understandable

Fall '12- Lang Dev exam #1 (6 decks)

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