language & communication Flashcards
language
system of symbols used to communicate
form of language
phonemes, morphemes, syntax
content of language
semantics
use of language
pragmatics
by 10-12 months, infants __ and ___ the sounds of their language(s)
discriminate; produce
by 2 years, vocab is
200-500 words
by 18 months, children can
begin combining words
egocentric speech
piaget’s theory that children’s monologues are a reflection of children’s egocentric thinking
collective monologues
when two+ individuals are speaking together but not for the purpose of each other
piaget on speech development
egocentric speech to social speech
vygotsky on children’s speech and development
private speech is important and useful for our cognition; speech from others->private speech->inner speech
private speech
Vygotsky’s theory that private speech drives thinking, serves purpose of self-regulation & planning, used more in difficult tasks (hockey boy)
modern research supports whose speech theory more?
Vygotsky’s private speech
T/F: children are good at taking related turns in early childhood
false; steadily improves
young children (1-3) initially tend to __ failed communication
repeat
older children (3-5) are more likely to ___ failed communication
repair
registers
different styles of language associated with particular settings/roles
over __ of the world’s pop. is bilingual
50%
simultaneous/ crib bilinguals
learning 2 languages from birth
sequential bilinguals
learn one language first then a 2nd
code-switching/code-mixing appropriately done by age __
2-4 years
research suggests that bilingual children are __ able to detect conversational violations; evidence
better; game? 1. name vs 2. football
historically (1920s-1950s), bilingualism thought of as __
bad :( cuz scoring lower on IQ cognitive assessments
in 1962, Peal & Lambert found __ when __ which led to__
bilingual children were greater in cognitive abilities (including mental flexibility); evenly matched bilingual and monolingual samples; rethinking of previous opinion
bilingual advantages
-perspective taking/ToM (small red car)
-executive function (not perseverating (red truck blue flower))
perseverating
stick on the first rule and not adapt to second rule
T/F: bilingualism is not associated with an advantage for everything
true
registers and pragmatics relationship
registers is a part of pragmatics
gesture
body and face actions that accompany language
typical first gestures in children
pointing, symbolic gestures (thumbs up/phone), pantomime (e.g. unscrewing lid)
beat gesture
waving/gesturing hands while speaking
beat gestures appear around ages
2-5
T/F: gestures are also used in sign languages along with the actual signs
true
gestures could be a predictor of __
vocabulary
gesture-speech mismatches can reflect
verge of learning; development is happening but not yet (gestures reflect thought)
kids who do gesture-speech mismatches would benefit most from
instruction on that task since they are at cusp of learning
“a window into our cognition” also known as
gestures
example of a test researchers might give kids to test gesture matching even if they get this wrong most of the time
mathematical equivalence (5+3+4=__+4)
results of mathematical equivalence training
children who gesture match have less success with training; children who gesture mismatch have more success post training
gestures can help “______” based on the proof that when children gesture during learning, they ______
lighten the load; remember more
physical action vs concrete gesture vs abstract gesture (Novack et al. (2014))
- physically moving the numbers
- pretending to move the numbers
- pointing to numbers
Novack et al. (2014) examined what
impact of gesture vs physical action (mathematical equivalence)
Novack et al. (2014) found which gesture is best for generalization?
abstract gesture
Novack et al. (2014) found what about all actions/gestures?
they are all good for learning but abstract gesture is best for generalization
