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English Language Paper 2 theories > Language Change > Flashcards

Language Change Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

language change processes Compounding

A
  • existing words to form new words
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2
Q

blending

A

joining morphemes or syllables from existing words (glamping)

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3
Q

pejoration

A

change in word’s meaning, so it losses status (mistress_)

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4
Q

amelioration

A

change in word’s meaning, so it gains status (wicked)

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5
Q

clipping

A

shortening words, as in “maths” for “mathematics” and “doc” for “doctors”

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6
Q

broadening

A

extending a range of meaning (cool)

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7
Q

narrowing

A

loss of range of meaning (meat)

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8
Q

conversion

A

creating new meanings by using it in a different word class (google)

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9
Q

affixation

A

adding a prefix or suffix to a word (kitchenette)

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10
Q

acronyms

A

abbreviations

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11
Q

SWH Determinism

A

language determines how we think

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12
Q

criticism of determinism

A

Native American nation - Sapir and Whorf studied
they misunderstood the language and thought they didn’t have ‘tenses’ in language, that why they were more relaxed
You can change the words but it will not change the attitude.

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13
Q

Reflectionism

A

language is shaped by our thoughts

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14
Q

criticism of reflectionism

A

dismisses the value of trying to shape or change lang.
according to that racist lang can be changed only when attitudes change

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15
Q

lexical gap

A

When a language doesn’t have a word for a particular concept. such as aggression and compassion don’t have a verb from
unlike confession -confess

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16
Q

random fluctuation and cultural transmission

A

Charles Hockett’s theory: language is unstable. it is not a progress or decay, it’s just a response to the changing context.
(book=cool in 21 century)

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17
Q

substratum theory

A

influence from foreign lang.
william labov - jewish over pronounced coffee(caw-fee) and it became new NewYork Accent

18
Q

functional theory

A

-Language changes according to the needs of its users
like memory stick
changes are more lexical

19
Q

s-curve

A

Chen’s assertion: new lang/pronunciation is adapted by users at a certain rate and no effect seen. then change accelerates and then slows down.

20
Q

wave

A

Bailey(1973): how change spreads out gradually - the further away you are from the origin of a particular change (geographically or status) = the less impact it will have on you.

21
Q

Jean Aitchison 1

A

potential - there is an external pressure for social change.

22
Q

Jean Aitchison 2

A

diffusion - change starts to spread out through the population.

23
Q

Jean Aitchison 3

A

implementation - people start using the variant

24
Q

Jean Aitchison 4

A

codification model - written down, put into the dictionary, accepted officially

25
Q

Jean Aitchison is a descriptivist - she developed three metaphors for prescriptivists

A
  1. dump spoon - laziness e.g. lol, gr8
  2. crumbling castle - we have to preserve language, like we preserve old historical objects (but to what form are we coming back, when was English’s golden period?)
  3. infectious disease - the change is spreading like a virus. (change only catches and adopts by people when they need it, otherwise it’s not gonna stay for long)
26
Q

Guy Deutscher motives for language change: ECONOMY

A

saves effort
refers to pronunciation - ‘wasn’t’ , ‘innit’
language gets more efficient

27
Q

Guy Deutscher motives for language change: EXPRESSIVENESS

A

language bleached of meaning
we need more synonyms for lang to become fresh and effective, up to date
‘good’ - ‘ brilliant, awesome, amazing, fabulous.

28
Q

Guy Deutscher motives for language change: ANALOGY

A

we are seeking for analogy and logic
all the new words have ‘s’ ending for plural
the irregular ending ‘en’ is disappearing

29
Q

David Crystal on text-speak

A

it’s not destroying lang
teens are not illiterate
they know/learn how to code switch

30
Q

Vyvyan Evans emojis

A

emojis are helping to communicate online. replicates emotions, body lang, attitude, tone
helps to avoid misunderstanding

31
Q

politically correct language

A

seeks to reduce and remove offence caused to particular individuals through prejudice and discrimination in language.
1970 - usa

32
Q

Kate Swift and Casey Miller

A

re-writing a sex education textbook, to make it more equal and both gender inclusive. promote respect for both.
found it was difficult to do, as male pronouns were used all the time.

33
Q

three types of NON PC LANGUAGE - SUBTLE

A

exclusive words subtly influenced our way of thinking
e.g. policemen, firemen, mailmen: make job only for men
imply masculinity is the default and dominant

34
Q

three types of NON PC LANGUAGE - OFFENSIVE

A

first set - words linked to people to insult them
second set - offensive bcs of pejorative connotations implied to words

e.g. gay - as smth undesirable

35
Q

three types of NON PC LANGUAGE - BLATANT

A

highly offensive words
the objectify and belittle entire groups
e.g. n-word

36
Q

Euphemism Treadmill (Stephen Pinker)

A

The process whereby words introduced to replace an offensive word, over time become offensive themselves.
18 century: bog-house -> house-of-office
20th century: lavatory -> bathroom -> restroom -> WC (water closet) -> toilet/loo

37
Q

dominant and muted groups theory Edwin & Shirley Ardener

A

in all the cultures there are more and less powerful groups
powerful will dominate in language
others became muted group

38
Q

Gatekeeper is …
opooses to what?
example

A

using language to exclude other people
keeping insiders in and outsiders out
they opposed to PC language
and are in dominant group
‘policeman’ - keeps women from doing that job.

39
Q

pronoun issue Laura Paterson

A

pronounce are closed class system
you have to hear neutral pronunciation since you are a child to put it in your brain.
they singular, titles - Mrs, Mr, Miss -Ms or Mx

40
Q

PC real examples

A
  • kids couldn’t sing ‘black ship’
  • Tottenham Hotspurs - Y-word : was a former area around Tottenham, but now used with a bad connotation.
  • Slutwalks -fresher - in unis - gained a connotation of getting close during Covid 19 - so got banned
  • black lives matter - racist insisting that all lives matter, not understanding the background behind
41
Q

have we changed?

A

Young generations are used to ‘firefighter’
to singular they - which supports Determinism
but racism still exists, though people are terrified of n-word - supports Reflectivism

English Language Paper 2 theories (6 decks)

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