Accents and Dialects

Question 1

Howard Giles theory

Answer 1

Accommodation Theory - Convergence (sound like smn) & Divergence(sound less like smn). UPWARDS((higher class) AND DOWNWARDS(lower class)

Question 2

Howard Giles experiment

Answer 2

Capital Punishment Experiment; SAME SPEECH.
RP- IMPRESSED, NOT REPSUADED
REGIONAL- NOT IMPRESSED, PERSUADED

Question 3

Howard Giles another experiment

Answer 3

Birmingham lecturer experiment - lecturer talked about doing psych in uni. to first group lecturer talked in RP - students were impressed. second group lecturer talked in Brummie - not impressed

Question 4

Ellen Ryan - not her belief.

Answer 4

Status and solidarity: FRIENDLINESS AND TRUSTWORTHINESS.
RP- HIGH STATUS, LOW SOLIDARITY
REGIONAL - LOW STATUS, HIGH SOLIDARITY

Question 5

SOCIOLINGUISTIC MATURATION

Answer 5

age, usually late teens to early twenties, where speaker becomes less susceptible to influences of different varieties of language on their own usage.

Question 6

Mark Sebba

Answer 6

YOUNGER PEOPLE CAN EASILY CODE SWITCH AND GET NEW ACCENTS

Question 7

Rob Drummond

Answer 7

POLISH STUDENTS WHO WANTED TO STAY IN MANCHESTER - GOT MACUNEAN ACCENT. THOSE WHO DIDNT PLAN TO STAY - DIDN`T

Question 8

Received Pronunciation (RP)

Answer 8

BBC ACCENT. LORD REITH IN 1922. PRESTIGIOUS, PEOPLE OF AUTHORITY EXPECTED TO USE IT

Question 9

Chris Montgomery

Answer 9

challenged expectations about RP - non English speakers dont think that RP has higher status and dont find it any different from any other accents in English

Question 10

Lance Workman

Answer 10

YORKSHIRE ACCENT TOPES RP FOR STATU.
SILENCE < BIRMINGHAM rather hear silence than Birmnigham.

Question 11

ITV STUDY

Answer 11

MIDDLESBROUGH BOYS THOUGHT THEIR ACCENT WILL HOLD THEM BACK. 80% OF DISCRIMINATION AT WORK IS DUE TO THE ACCENT

Question 12

Greg Smith study

Answer 12

Cockney children - thought their accent made them sound lazy, stupid or like criminals.

Question 13

JOANNA KOPACZYK

Answer 13

CHILDREN WHO MOVE TO DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE UK WILL PICK UP ACCENTS OF THE LOCAL PLACE

Question 14

John Baugh

Answer 14

studied linguistic profiling - WHICH IS BASED ON THE ACCENT. PEOPLE ARE ASSUMING YOUR RACE, STATUS, ETHNICITY DUE TO THE ACCENT

Question 15

Malcolm Petyt

Answer 15

H-dropping IN DRADFORD, YORKSHIRE, BY WORKING CLASS
‘hat’ - ‘at’

Question 16

Peter Trudgill

Answer 16

drop ‘g’ in ‘ing’ ending. Man dropp ‘g’s more than woman
men - covert prestige (local). change accent to be accepted in a certain group
women - overt prestige (mainstream). change accent to be accepted in society.

speaking informally - dropping ‘g’s regardless the class and gender

Question 17

Jennifer Cheshire

Answer 17

reading playground study.
children from different social groups all conformed to the main group of kids in accent - regardless their class

Question 18

Lesley Milroy

Answer 18

Open and closed networks - women went to work and met more people with different accents (so had open network and were more capable to change the accent)
men stayed at home - their accent was strong and not changeable

Question 19

Paul Kerswill

Answer 19

Milton Keynes study - children are creating new accents

Question 20

Wiliam Labov

Answer 20

island off the coast of New England (USA) - natives started to speak like fishermen to differ themselves from the tourists and create their unique identity, as it was a popular place for rich travellers to visit. Martha Vineyard study.

Question 21

Basil Bernstein

Answer 21

Famous for distinguishing between the restricted code (used by people who have similar cultural background or know each other well) and the elaborated code (used by people who are unfamiliar with one another or with one another’s culture.
people decided that the working class cant speak elaborate vcode.

Labov challenged this idea and said - speakers can code switch and arent dump. Codes dont mean intelligence.

Question 22

dialect levelling

Answer 22

accents dying out - cockney by MLE
glasgow and liverpool - will not

Question 23

David Rosewarne

Answer 23

‘Estuary English’ in the 1980s. it was called CLASSLESS - because you couldn’t tell if the person was higher class or lower class from Estuary english.

Question 24

Paul Kerswill

Answer 24

mle - mixture of different accents started in london.
some people call it ‘Jafaican’
but it is influenced by West African, Indian, Greek…etc
spoken by young people

Question 25

cockney

Answer 25

a dialect traditionally spoken by the lower classes in and around London

Question 26

Diana Davies

Answer 26

Leicester accent is dying - being levelled out

Question 27

Kevin Watson

Answer 27

Liverpool accent may change BUT it will not die out, because Liverpool is very international.

Question 28

Jennifer Cheshire - Reading Study

Answer 28

Peer groups influenced the speech more than social class.

Question 29

Paul Kerswil

Answer 29

Dialect levelling - idea that accents are being levelled out and disappearing.