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English Language Paper 2 theories > Language and Gender > Flashcards

Language and Gender Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

deficit theory

A

Robin Lakoff (it was her personal observation - no research)

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2
Q

criteria for Deficit theory

A

-women don’t swear
-women speak less frequently
- apologise more
-use empty adjectives
-question like intonation
-hyper correct grammar

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3
Q

two people who were against deficit

A

O’Barr and Atkins

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4
Q

O’Barr and Atkins

A

did language studies in courtrooms. They concluded that some of Lakoff’s findings were correct, but language is based on situation specific authority and power. NOT gender

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5
Q

who supported Deficit theory

A

Pamela Fishmen

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6
Q

Pamela Fishmen

A

she said that women use more tag questions.
they use backchannel (m. aha)
and do conversational shitwork - due to inferior position in life

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7
Q

who did the study on Tag questions

A

Janet Holmes

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8
Q
  1. tag question used more by men
A

Referential - to reduce uncertainty

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9
Q
  1. tag question used more by women
A

facilitative - express solidarity and intimacy

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10
Q
  1. tag question used more by both
A

softening - weakening a command

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11
Q

another linguist against Deficit

A

Rosalin Wiseman

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12
Q

Rosalin Wiseman

A

women are not always super polite, kind, cute etc
women have aggression

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13
Q

Jennifer Coates

A

Keeping a conversation going is a sign of intelligence and power, and shows manners, but not weakness or insecurity.

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14
Q

research by Coates and Cameron

A

kids speak on similar topics, regardless gender

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15
Q

Dominance theory

A

Dale Spendor

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16
Q

Dale Spendor

A

english is asymmetrical in the favour of man
e.g Lord(higher rank) vs Lady (all)
King(power) vs Queen (less power)
Mister (power) vs Mistress (sexual connotation)

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17
Q

two men who support Dominance

A

Zimmerman and West

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18
Q

Zimmerman and West

A

did a study and concluded that men interrupt 96% of the time
the study was criticised by being too limited.
linguistis dont take it seriously today

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19
Q

another interruption study - against Dominance

A

Geoff Beattie

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20
Q

Geoff Beattie

A

study done in 1982
man and women interrupt the same amount of time
man do a tiny bit more

21
Q

study against dominance

A

Papa New Guinea: in some places women will have more power. when there is a conflict women will shout scream and curse. man is expected to be quite.
These women will do it in the stereotypical western man fashion way
Prooving not everywhere men are dominant

22
Q

Difference theory

A

Deborah Tannen

23
Q

Deborah Tannen

A

the idea that we learn how to be a man and a woman sicne childhood. Better to refer to it as a speech style rather women’s speech.
both genders are comfortabe with their roles

24
Q

Deborah Tannen - 1

i vs f

A

information VS feelings

25
Q

Deborah Tannen - 2

a vs u

A

advice VS understanding

26
Q

Deborah Tannen - 3

s vs s

A

status VS support

27
Q

Deborah Tannen - 4

c vs c

A

conflict VS compromise

28
Q

who supported difference theory

A

Deborah Jones

29
Q

Deborah Jones

A

women’s types of talks

30
Q

women’s types of talks 1

h. t

A

house talk - info based on women’s roles

31
Q

women’s types of talks 2

s

A

scandal - talk about behaviour of others

32
Q

women’s types of talks 3

b

A

bitching - expressing anger, without a desire to change anything just to complain

33
Q

women’s types of talks 4

ch

A

chatting - intimate form of gossip

34
Q

Judith Butler

A

gender performativity - the ‘script’ of gender performance is effortlesly transmitted genenration to generation in form of socially established ‘meanings’

35
Q

folklinguist + a book

A

John Grey:
‘women are from venus. men are from mars’
no research

36
Q

John Grey

A

When women are talking a lot of brain parts are engaged.
men has fewer verbal centres, so it’s harder to express emotions
conversational brain part - smaller in man

37
Q

Lise Eliot

A

(meta-analysis) brain scan study - 6000 scans
no difference

38
Q

who was against Difference theory

A

Janet Hyde

39
Q

Janet Hyde

A

Gender similarity hypothesis
went through hundreds of lang and gender studies
concluded that there are such minor differences, that are statistically insignificant

40
Q

Victoria Bergvall

A

the more we talk about the difference the more it appears to be real and big

41
Q

Diversity theory

A

Deborah Cameron

42
Q

Deborah Tannen and interruptions 1

A

cooperative overlap - shows support

43
Q

Deborah Tannen and interruptions 2

A

competitive overlap - to gain control

44
Q

Deborah Cameron

A

there is no biological difference
rather the societal expectations from each gender
we use lang to fulfil the role and order in society
beliefs that men and women speak differently leads to job discrimination

45
Q

Deborah Tannen 5

f vs f

A

facts VS feelings

46
Q

Deborah Tannen 6

c vs c

A

competitive VS cooperative

47
Q

Louann Brizendine

A

women speak 20 000 words per day
men speak 7 000 words per day

48
Q

James Pannebaker

A

did a true research
number of words id THE SAME
women - 16 215
men - 15 669

49
Q

Janet Holmes (Compliments)

A

woman gives 70% of compliments
woman receives 75% of compliments COMPLIMENTED on appearance

man give other man compliment 10% of times
COMPLIMENTED on abilities and possessions

English Language Paper 2 theories (6 decks)

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