Global English Flashcards
World English is
all the varieties of English in existence.
Lingua Franca
language that people have in common
Jeniffer Jenkins’ common characterstics of ELF
4x
- allowing them to communicate with
each other - it is an alternative to English as a foreign language, not replacement
- likely to include elements of Standard English
- Accommodation and code-switching are common.
ELF Characteristics
(Barbara Seidlhofer)
typical mistakes when english is a second lang
- Non-use of third-person present tense
- misuse of tag questions
- confusing definite and indifinate articeles
- interchangable use of relative pronouns (who and which)
- adding more prepositions
- adding more emphesis
- Pluralisation of non-count nouns
- use of ‘that-clauses’
English was a Top Language in
L1: commonwealth countries: USA, Canada, Australia , New Zealand
english is becoming a second language (L2)
Smaller groups settling in various parts of Africa and Asia
ways English arrived in those places
- Political power - Colonisation
- Trade - business
- Religion - christianity
- Violence - wars
how english became a L1 or L2
there was force and subjugation(submission) of local people
and their languages. Imposing English was a political
decision.
Pidgin is -
characteristics:
stereotypes:
language made of up
elements of different languages, such as English and Chinese.
basic languages, has limited grammar, narrow range of functions
mixture of two, dominant lang influence more, lots of redublicated morphemes, articles are immited.
it is a lazy, corruptive, primitive thought process or mental deficiancy language
or a result of baby talk
while it has own structure, grammar and vocab
Creole is -
and example of a country and number of people who speak it
once a pidgin becomes a native language for a second
generation – usually has lexis from the dominant language,- It becomes Creole
example Tok Pison = english + Papua New Guinea
4 mil ppl.
120 000 - their first lang
Acrolect is
– standard or official form of Creole
basilect
most informal style of creole
mesolect –
middle form
Muted groups VS dominant
dominant group forced weaker ones to use english and often their native languages were banned
gatekeepers
want to keep insiders in and (perhaps even
more important) outsiders out by opening and closing ‘gate’
Kachru’s circles
inside - UK,USA the speak in the best way
outer circle - India, Nigeria - L2 countries
Expending circel - everyone else
McArthur’s Circles
all are equal (sun-diagram)
Schneider’s Stages
1: Foundation – new variety appears and develops
2: Exonormative Stabilization: English begins to be used
3: Nativization: Old and new (English) languages
become more linked
4: Endonormative Stabilization: country gains
independence and begins to claim its own
form of English.
5: Differentiation: Feels free to create its own English
Reasons for Convergence:
converging with natives was the goal (kahru’s circle)
converge to trade easily
dominant literature is in english, so had to converge to read it
Reasons for divergence
-Adoption of language by other cultures and second language learners, especially if not learned formally.
-Informal learning and blending creates pidgins and creoles
-Some people who had English forced on them are learning their own languages (Welsh)
-History of some languages changing due to politics and culture (french, portugues)
-Individual dialects become important and can rise in prestige. West Midlands dialect became the language of the Court and became prestigious – language of culture in Oxbridge, leading to RP today.
Mario Saraceni
what he said about native speakers
said the English are not the only legitimate users of the language.
said to native speakers to ‘give up their claims to be guardians of the purest form of the language’
why diverging happens?
because countries want to keep their identity
what is diglossia ?
and why is it used?
two languages used at the same time.
it can to keep.differentiate your identity.
to communicate internationally.
Jennifer Jenkins
holds a descriptivistic view
-lingua francas are inferior and deficient.
-people should have a choice what language to speak
-the use od standard english forms (native british or american) is unncessary for L2 speakers of english
observation that Jennifer Jenkins made
when she taught english as a second language
she taught english as a second language.
llearners learned the rules to pass exam. however she noticed that after they left classes - they stoped using English in the way she taught them.
thyeunderstood each other enough with no need to use it properly
conclusion from observation that Jennifer Jenkins made
about non native speakers speaking english
non-native speakers adapted language when speaking to another non-native speaker (pronounciation, grammar, vocab)
native speakers see it as ‘erros’ that has to be corrected, while for non native speakers it can be an acceptable form of ELF.
Ian Cushing created a term
Native speakerism
Native speakerism is
the idea that the best form of language is the one used by native speakers
how it should be with Standard English
prescriptivistic view
-Pupils should be taught to speak clearly and convey ideas confidently using Standard English.
-The aim of the national curriculum is that everyone should be able to use Standard English.
-Demonstrate an understanding of and take responsibility for promoting high standards of literacy, articulacy and the correct use of Standard English.
Is it time to rethink how we teach English? Jenkins says
It’s perfectly normal for students living in an English speaking country to
want to blend in with the local population. Yet, there is no such thing as ‘one accent’ and ‘one way of speaking english’
Jenkins conclusion on how to teach English
-more useful for learners to know how to adapt and
adjust their language to different situations.
This is certainly more flexible than simply imitating a native English speaker.
Will English always be the lingua franca? (jenkins` opinnion)
Jenkins says that, for the foreseeable future, it will most likely continue to be English.
What will happen?
David Crystal:
English’s growth is so great that “there is nothing likely to stop its continued spread as a lingua franca”.
However, it may fragment into a family of languages, as Latin did,
maybe in future people will need to learn two Englishes - their local, and standard
What will happen?
Ostler:
current value of english is almost untouchable
it has a huge influence if science, tourism, finance, politics, sports, music and art
noting compares to it
however, as tge power of England and America can decline if will, the role of emglish language can decline as well.
What will happen?
Saraceni:
English hasn’t spread, it’s relocated. By relocating and
de-Anglicising English, people can do what they want with English.
Mark Sebba and pidgin today
elements of jamaican, black brititsh english, afrecian american, are orriented from pifgins
slavery and pidgins
pidgion dveloped between slaves and English crew.
pidgion was used to communicate with other slaves as well. as they all spoke different languages.
But those hwo spoke the same language were deliberately separated, to prevent from rebelling.
possibilities what will happen to pidgin???
- die out
- develop into creole
additional language hybrid
singlish (asian lang + english)
spanglish (actualment=actually)
and code switching in the middle of a sentence.
