Global English

Question 1

World English is

Answer 1

all the varieties of English in existence.

Question 2

Lingua Franca

Answer 2

language that people have in common

Question 3

Jeniffer Jenkins’ common characterstics of ELF

4x

Answer 3

• allowing them to communicate with
  each other
• it is an alternative to English as a foreign language, not replacement
• likely to include elements of Standard English
• Accommodation and code-switching are common.

Question 4

ELF Characteristics
(Barbara Seidlhofer)
typical mistakes when english is a second lang

Answer 4

1. Non-use of third-person present tense
2. misuse of tag questions
3. confusing definite and indifinate articeles
4. interchangable use of relative pronouns (who and which)
5. adding more prepositions
6. adding more emphesis
7. Pluralisation of non-count nouns
8. use of ‘that-clauses’

Question 5

English was a Top Language in

Answer 5

L1: commonwealth countries: USA, Canada, Australia , New Zealand

Question 6

english is becoming a second language (L2)

Answer 6

Smaller groups settling in various parts of Africa and Asia

Question 7

ways English arrived in those places

Answer 7

1. Political power - Colonisation
2. Trade - business
3. Religion - christianity
4. Violence - wars

Question 8

how english became a L1 or L2

Answer 8

there was force and subjugation(submission) of local people
and their languages. Imposing English was a political
decision.

Question 9

Pidgin is -
characteristics:
stereotypes:

Answer 9

language made of up
elements of different languages, such as English and Chinese.
basic languages, has limited grammar, narrow range of functions

mixture of two, dominant lang influence more, lots of redublicated morphemes, articles are immited.

it is a lazy, corruptive, primitive thought process or mental deficiancy language
or a result of baby talk
while it has own structure, grammar and vocab

Question 10

Creole is -
and example of a country and number of people who speak it

Answer 10

once a pidgin becomes a native language for a second
generation – usually has lexis from the dominant language,- It becomes Creole

example Tok Pison = english + Papua New Guinea
4 mil ppl.
120 000 - their first lang

Question 11

Acrolect is

Answer 11

– standard or official form of Creole

Question 12

basilect

Answer 12

most informal style of creole

Question 13

mesolect –

Answer 13

middle form

Question 14

Muted groups VS dominant

Answer 14

dominant group forced weaker ones to use english and often their native languages were banned

Question 15

gatekeepers

Answer 15

want to keep insiders in and (perhaps even
more important) outsiders out by opening and closing ‘gate’

Question 16

Kachru’s circles

Answer 16

inside - UK,USA the speak in the best way
outer circle - India, Nigeria - L2 countries
Expending circel - everyone else

Question 17

McArthur’s Circles

Answer 17

all are equal (sun-diagram)

Question 18

Schneider’s Stages

Answer 18

1: Foundation – new variety appears and develops
2: Exonormative Stabilization: English begins to be used
3: Nativization: Old and new (English) languages
become more linked
4: Endonormative Stabilization: country gains
independence and begins to claim its own
form of English.
5: Differentiation: Feels free to create its own English

Question 19

Reasons for Convergence:

Answer 19

converging with natives was the goal (kahru’s circle)
converge to trade easily
dominant literature is in english, so had to converge to read it

Question 20

Reasons for divergence

Answer 20

-Adoption of language by other cultures and second language learners, especially if not learned formally.
-Informal learning and blending creates pidgins and creoles
-Some people who had English forced on them are learning their own languages (Welsh)
-History of some languages changing due to politics and culture (french, portugues)
-Individual dialects become important and can rise in prestige. West Midlands dialect became the language of the Court and became prestigious – language of culture in Oxbridge, leading to RP today.

Question 21

Mario Saraceni
what he said about native speakers

Answer 21

said the English are not the only legitimate users of the language.
said to native speakers to ‘give up their claims to be guardians of the purest form of the language’

Question 22

why diverging happens?

Answer 22

because countries want to keep their identity

Question 23

what is diglossia ?
and why is it used?

Answer 23

two languages used at the same time.
it can to keep.differentiate your identity.
to communicate internationally.

Question 24

Jennifer Jenkins

Answer 24

holds a prescriptivistic view
-lingua francas are inferior and deficient.
-people should have a choice what language to speak
-the use od standard english forms (native british or american) is unncessary for L2 speakers of english

Question 25

observation that Jennifer Jenkins made
when she taught english as a second language

Answer 25

she taught english as a second language.
llearners learned the rules to pass exam. however she noticed that after they left classes - they stoped using English in the way she taught them.
thyeunderstood each other enough with no need to use it properly

Question 26

conclusion from observation that Jennifer Jenkins made
about non native speakers speaking english

Answer 26

non-native speakers adapted language when speaking to another non-native speaker (pronounciation, grammar, vocab)
native speakers see it as ‘erros’ that has to be corrected, while for non native speakers it can be an acceptable form of ELF.

Question 27

Ian Cushing created a term

Answer 27

Native speakerism

Question 28

Native speakerism is

Answer 28

the idea that the best form of language is the one used by native speakers

Question 29

how it should be with Standard English

Answer 29

-Pupils should be taught to speak clearly and convey ideas confidently using Standard English.
-The aim of the national curriculum is that everyone should be able to use Standard English.
-Demonstrate an understanding of and take responsibility for promoting high standards of literacy, articulacy and the correct use of Standard English.

Question 30

Is it time to rethink how we teach English? Jenkins says

Answer 30

It’s perfectly normal for students living in an English speaking country to
want to blend in with the local population. Yet, there is no such thing as ‘one accent’ and ‘one way of speaking english’

Question 31

Jenkins conclusion on how to teach English

Answer 31

-more useful for learners to know how to adapt and
adjust their language to different situations.

This is certainly more flexible than simply imitating a native English speaker.

Question 32

Will English always be the lingua franca? (jenkins` opinnion)

Answer 32

Jenkins says that, for the foreseeable future, it will most likely continue to be English.

Question 33

What will happen?
David Crystal:

Answer 33

English’s growth is so great that “there is nothing likely to stop its continued spread as a lingua franca”.
However, it may fragment into a family of languages, as Latin did,
maybe in future people will need to learn two Englishes - their local, and standard

Question 34

What will happen?
Ostler:

Answer 34

current value of english is almost untouchable
it has a huge influence if science, tourism, finance, politics, sports, music and art
noting compares to it

however, as tge power of England and America can decline if will, the role of emglish language can decline as well.

Question 35

What will happen?
Saraceni:

Answer 35

English hasn’t spread, it’s relocated. By relocating and
de-Anglicising English, people can do what they want with English.

Question 36

Mark Sebba and pidgin today

Answer 36

elements of jamaican, black brititsh english, afrecian american, are orriented from pifgins

Question 37

slavery and pidgins

Answer 37

pidgion dveloped between slaves and English crew.
pidgion was used to communicate with other slaves as well. as they all spoke different languages.
But those hwo spoke the same language were deliberately separated, to prevent from rebelling.

Question 38

possibilities what will happen to pidgin???

Answer 38

• die out
• develop into creole

Question 39

additional language hybrid

Answer 39

singlish (asian lang + english)
spanglish (actualment=actually)
and code switching in the middle of a sentence.