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English Language 2.0 > Language Change > Flashcards

Language Change Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

What time period of language is between 450AD-1066

A

Old English

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2
Q

What time period of language is between 1066-1485

A

Middle English

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3
Q

What time period of language is between 1300-1500

A

The Great Vowel Shift

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4
Q

What time period of language is between 1485-1603

A

Early Modern English

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5
Q

What time period of language is the 1600s

A

Modern English

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6
Q

What time period of language is the 1700s

A

The Age of Reason/ Modern English

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7
Q

What time period of language is the 1800s

A

Industrial Revolution/ Modern English

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8
Q

What time period of language is between 1900s-2000s

A

Late Modern English

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9
Q

What influenced language during the Old English period

A

Written Language begins to develop from Latin
Anglo’s and saxon’s bring German dialects
INVASION

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10
Q

What influenced language during the Middle English period

A 
Inclusion of French to spelling- Norman invasion of 1066 
Reduction in Latin 
INVASION- French 
BLACK DEATH 
PRINTING PRESS
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11
Q

When was William Caxtons printing press introduced

A

Middle English- 1475

Enabled beginnings of standardization

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12
Q

What influenced language during the Great Vowel Shift

A

Latin back to being superior language
The Long ‘S’/vowels
Due to mass migration from north England to south because of black death, caused mixing of accents
TRANSPORT-migration

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13
Q

What influenced language during the Early Modern period

A

Latin became important in Science and Maths
Spelling was not yet standardized
Use of interrogatives without the auxiliary (“think you i am handsome?”)
Expansion n travel
Due to the RENAISSANCE, rise in nationalism led to more expressive language (Latin)

TRANSPORT-travel

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14
Q

What influenced language during the Modern period

A

Catholicism & scientific discoveries
Shakespeare experimented with language and coined around 2000 new words
1/2 population out of 3 1/2 million were literate (growth in education)
Spelling mainly standardized

RELIGION
SCIENCE

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15
Q

What influenced language during the 18th c (Modern English)

A

Language gained a lot of prestige
Prescriptivism- standardisation
Samuel Johnson’s Dictionary 1755

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16
Q

What influenced language during the 19th C (Modern English)

A 
Overseas travel led to alot of loan words 
Expansion of British empier 
Scientific discoveries 
SCIENTIFIC 
TRANSPORT
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17
Q

What influenced language during the Late Modern period

A

Influence from overseas
Computer technology-standardised spelling
relaxation of grammer

TECHNOLOGY
TRANSPORT- migration

18
Q

When was Samuel Johnson’s dictionary

A

1755

19
Q

What is Ammelioration

A

words become more prestige

20
Q

What is a conditional clause

A

starts with “if”

21
Q

What is coordinating clause

A

starts with “but”

22
Q

What is deregration

A

word changes for the worse

23
Q

What is pejoration

A

words gain a positive meaning

24
Q

What is borrowing

A

taken from a foreign language

25
Q

What is coining

A

inventing new words to describe new experiences

26
Q

What is clipping

A

alters words by shortening them

27
Q

What is compounding

A

Two words joined together

28
Q

What is a prescriptivist view

A

No change with langauge

29
Q

What is descriptivist

A

Langauge change

30
Q

What theory suggests that language changes according to the needs of its user

A

Halliday’s Functional Theory

New words arise because there is need to label new technology

31
Q

What theory critiques prescriptive views

A

Jean Aitchison’s
Damp spoon- language has become lazy
Crumbling castle- language should be preserved
Infectious disease- bad habits spread

32
Q

what is David Crystals language change theory

A

Tied Metaphor- Language flows and brings in new words and takes out old
Natural process
descriptive

33
Q

What is Charles Hockett Random Fluctuation Theory

A

Random events and errors lead to language change

34
Q

What are Suzanne Romaines 2 language change theories

A

Internal Changes- factors within language

External changes- changing social context, ideologies, technology, inventions

35
Q

What theory highlights advertisement and marketing a s attempts to mimic speech (conversationalism)

A

Fairclough

36
Q

What theory highlights political correctness as an important factor for change

A

Mackinnon- attitudes to language change are a driving force

37
Q

What is negation

A

The use of double negatives used to be acceptable

38
Q

What is an example of the ‘be-ing construction- progressive

A

“what do you read my lord” would now be “what are you reading”

the progressive imply instant action

39
Q

What are the 4 stages of Haugens standardisation

A

Selection- language selected (usually prestigious)
codification- reduction on variability of language (dictionary)
Elaboration- language developed for a variety of
purpose
Implementation- Standardisation is implemented

40
Q

What is the lexical gap theory

A

New words created due to a advancments in e.g technology meaning there is a group of words missing

41
Q

What is economisation

A

Writing becoming more compressed over time

English Language 2.0 (5 decks)

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