Language Aquisition

Question 0

What are the names of the two procedures used to get from print to speech?

Answer 0

1) lexical route

2) non lexical route

Question 1

What is reading? (Cognitive definition)

Answer 1

Information processing
Print - speech
Print - meaning

Question 2

What is the lexical route? How does it work?

Answer 2

It looks up words in long term memory

Only works with known words

Question 3

What is the non-lexical route? How does it work?

Answer 3

Uses rules relating segments of how it is written to how it sounds

Question 4

Does the non-lexical route work with regular and irregular words?

Answer 4

No. It only works with regular words

E.g. Cave not have

Question 5

What are the two models used to account for reading?

Answer 5

Dual route cascading model

Triangle model

Question 6

Draw a diagram of the dual route cascaded model

Answer 6

Print > Visual feature units > Letter units
Orthographic input > phonological output (or semantic system)
Or the other way= grapheme- phoneme

Both = phoneme system > speech

Question 7

What has the DRC model found out about human readers?

Answer 7

Frequent words are read faster than non frequent words
Regular words are read faster than non regular words
Words are read faster than non words
Words with larger orthographic neighbourhood = read faster aloud

Question 8

What part of the model applies for irregular words?

Answer 8

Orthographic in out > phonological output (or going to the semantic system)
For words such as ‘have’

Question 9

What part of the DRC model is used for regular words?

Answer 9

Print > visual feature units > letter units >

Grapheme- phoneme rule system >

Phoneme system > speech

Question 10

Draw the triangle model

Answer 10

(Semantic)

                 (.           ).                 (.           )
                                (.               )
          (Orthography).                  (Phonology)

Question 11

Explain the triangle model

Answer 11

Each section is made up by a pattern of activity distributed over units words must be consistent
If inconsistent then they are read using the semantic knowledge

Question 12

What brain area is involved in visual word formation?

Answer 12

Ventral occipito- temporal cortex

This is the gate to the reading system

Question 13

When is the ventral occipito- temp dial cortex activated?

Answer 13

By letter strings

Question 14

What are the spatiotemporal dynamics of word processing in the human cortex?

Answer 14

During reading = activation in both occipital poles

170ms: left occipital temporal lobe
230ms: both
300ms: prefrontal and other temporal regions

Question 15

Draw the graph shown in Taylor et al. (2012) and explain

Answer 15

1) words= harder to process are more demanding and need more engaging
Hard words = less frequent words

Question 16

Describe Monsieur C. And what his ability was

Answer 16

He had a stoke
Couldn’t read
But could spell and speak
Was said to be due to disconnection between primary visual area and another area dealing with letters and words

Question 17

What are the two classifications of acquired dyslexia

Answer 17

Central and peripheral

Question 18

What is peripheral dyslexia

Answer 18

Visual word forms fail to be achieved

Question 19

What is central dyslexia

Answer 19

Impairment is after the stage of visual words forms

Question 20

What is pure alexia

Answer 20

When words reading is impossible

Question 21

What categories fall under peripheral dyslexia

Answer 21

Pure alexia
Attentional dyslexia
Neglect dyslexia

Question 22

What categories fall under central dyslexias

Answer 22

Phonological dyslexia
Deep dyslexia
Semantic dyslexia
Surface dyslexia

Question 23

What area is damaged or disconnected in pure alexia

Answer 23

Visual word form area

Question 24

If damage in visual word form area how do pure alexics read

Answer 24

Straight to phoneme system- letter by letter

Question 25

If dissconection if visual word form how do pure alexics read

Answer 25

Straight to visual word form using letter by letter identification

Question 26

What is attentional dyslexia

Answer 26

Associated with left parietal lesions

Difficult to identify letters or words when flanked by others items of the same category

Question 27

What is neglect dyslexia

Answer 27

Failure to identify the initial or final letter of a word or a group of words resulting in omissions, substitutions or additions

Question 28

Phenological dyslexia

Answer 28

Impaired ability to read new or made up words
Lesion of temporal lobe of dominant hemisphere
Reading of words is perfect