Executive Functioning Flashcards
What happened to phineas gage
Balance between his intellectual facilities and animal propensities seem to have been destroyed
Fitful, irreverent and indulging at times in the grossest profanity
Impatient of restraint and or advice when it conflict with his desires
‘He was no longer gage’
Have I looked at SAS YET?
In not then I need to
What functions does the Wisconsin card sorting task Tap into
Many things including inhibition, attention, working memory etc
What is utilisation behaviour
When behaviour becomes stimulus driven after frontal lobe lesions
Loss of the SAS leads to a lack of supervision over contention scheduling
What is the Francois lhermitte example? (And what is it an example of)
Example of utilisation behaviour
Patients just grabbed objects and used them at the inappropriate time
Something about a hammer, nail and picture but need to read
What is the SAS
Supervisory attention system
What are the problems with the SAS?
Who controls the controller
Doesn’t say how things are controlled only what
‘Hominculus’ criticism
What is the quote about fractionating the executive function
Dissolve, deconstruct or fractionated the executive, let a hundred itiors flourish
Said to identify the basic cognitive processes underlying control
What happened in Rogers and monsell (1995)
No sure need to research
What happened in Morris and jones 1990
Not sure need to research
What happened in Logan 1994
Not sure need to research
What is the six elements task - shallice and burgess 1991
Limited time and six tasks to work on (e.g. Picture naming, arithmetic)
Goal is to work on all task and get them completed in the time
Score is based on number if tasks attempted and penalties for rule infractions or not spending an equal amount of time on each task
What were the deficits that patients with frontal lobe lesions showed on the six elements taks
The process lie in the domain of the creation and maintenance if goals and intention, of their realisation at appropriate times and of planning… Where a task cannot be adequately carried out through the application if well learned action or thought routines alone, it requires the use if a supervisory system, which is anteriorly located in the cortex
Think they showed lower number of tackles of sub task (control= 5.7) and more time spent on a single task (control= 5.35)
Draw the diagram of the supervisory system (Norman & shallice)
Supervisory attentional system
^|
Environment > sensory. >. Trigger >. Contention
Perceptual > data > Scheduling > action >
System > base. > |
^——————————
Output from recently activated schemata
How would we fractionated the executive function
Identify the basic cognitive processes underlying control (behavioural data- factor analysis)
Identify different brain regions underlying different cognitive control processes (neuropsychology - neuroimaging)
What are the three studies that he puts in after fractionation which I don’t understand
Number/letter task (Rogers and monsell)
Letter memory task (Morris and jones)
Stop signal reaction time task (Logan)
What were the three secondary categories shown in the factor analysis of executive function that led onto complex executive task
Shifting
Updating
Inhibition
What does the right lateral pre frontal cortex control
Monitoring
Checking task for quality control and adjusting behaviour
Updating
What section control 1)monitoring 2) checking for ‘quality contro’ and adjusting behaviour 3) updating
Right lateral pre frontal cortex
What does the left lateral pre frontal cortex control
Task setting
Ability to set stimulus- response relationship
Shifting
What does the left medial pre frontal cortex show
Energising
The process of inhibition and the sub staining of any response
What has neuroimaging shown of the medial PFC
The anterior cingulate cortex is an error detection module
What is the Acc involved in
Conflict detection
Tasks that require resolution if conflicts between competing information streams by sensory and/or response selection
What is the possible role for the Acc in evaluations effort associated with a choice
Grinband ACc activation linked to time on task
Potential resolution to inconsistency
ACC sensitive to the amount of effort involved in task performance
What areas decode task rules from patterns of activation
Lateral PFC and parietal cortex
What does evidence from neuropsychology suggest for the right lateral PFC
Stuss: process of checking the task over time for quality control and the adjustment if behaviour
Aron et al: demonstrated the particular importance of the right inferior frontal cortex for response inhibition
Right inferior frontal cortex may play an important role in….
Response inhibition
Connectivity with other brain regions suggests a dual role in attention and action plausible
What the alternative perspective from neuroimaging of the frontoparietal cortex (Duncan and Owen) 2000
Multi demand network
What does the multiple demand network in the frontoparietal lobe do
Construction of attentional episodes
Neuron ps have highly dynamic response properties, adapting to code the specific information and events within the current attentional focus
With the transition between one episode and the next, neural coalitions for one kind of information processing dissolve and coalitions for the next episode form producing a system in constant flux
What is the support for the multi demand hypothesis from neuropsychology
Disorganisation of behaviour
Chaotic behaviour in complex problems but success if the task is externally structured into simple parts
Lesions of the frontal lobe result in ‘goal neglect’ - inhabiliy to follow task rules respite intact memory for them. Goal neglect is sensitive to the complexity of the overall set of rules
What the role of the frontopolar cortex (BA10)
Patients with lesions to Ba10 have deficits in multitasking
Patients made fewer voluntary task switches, attempted fewer sub tasks and spent longer in individual subtaks
Pattern suggests a deficit in prospective memory - difficulty disengaging from externally driven behaviour to switch it an internal goal driven mode
What is the role of the orbitofrontal cortex
Value- based decision making
1) retrieving value of goals that are outcomes of the decision making process
2) establish a relative preference ranking of goals
3) send signal to other brain regions to compute action values
What is the role of the basal ganglia in cognitive control : evidence from Parkinson’s disease
Gradual loss of dopamine neurons in the basal ganglia
Primary deficits are in motor control
Deficits also in executive control
What is the dual role for the basal ganglia
Flexible updating of current goal states into PFC
