Emotion

Question 0

What are the two categories of emotion

Answer 0

Basic

Complex

Question 1

What is emotion

Answer 1

Feelings, physiological response to a stimulus and a behavioural response

Question 2

What is a basic emotion

Answer 2

Inborn instinct 
Evolved
Predictable response
Shown with facial expressions 
Examples: happy, sad

Question 3

What is a complex emotion?

Answer 3

Combination of basic emotions
No cross cultural facial expressions
Last for longer
Examples: jealousy, parental love

Question 4

What is an emotional dimension

Answer 4

Emotions that are the same but vary across a dimension

Question 5

What did Ekman do?

Answer 5

Looked at facial expressions as a window on emotions

Showed that facial expressions for basic emotions are the same across cultures

Question 6

What did ortigue et al 2010 do

Answer 6

Meta analysis of neuroimaging studies on romantic love

Find out results

Question 7

Draw the diagram to show dimensions of emotion

Answer 7

One scale = low to high
The other = pleasant to unpleasant
Two points on it are blissful and excited

Question 8

What is the James-Lange theory of emotions

Answer 8

There is a stimulus > physiological reaction > automatic! no conscious interpretation of psychological response

Question 9

What is the cannon-bard theory of emotion

Answer 9

Common physiological response for different emotions
Neural and hormonal feedback is too slow
Sympathetic nervous system coordinates behavioural reaction
Cortex generates the feeling
But Ekman showed some basic emotions could be separated by physiological response (anger, fear, disgust)

Question 10

What is the singer - schachter theory

Answer 10

Emotional arousal and reasoning are required to appraise a stimulus before emotion identified

Adrenaline experiement: angry v euphoric
Those aware unaffected by other person and attributed feelings to behaviour of other person

Question 11

What is the ledoux two emotion systems

Answer 11

One system for emotional responses - evolved to produce fast, automatic responses
Another for generating the conscious feeling of emotion - produces feelings, which are learned by experience

Question 12

Describe patient SM (Adolphs et al)

Answer 12

Use to be scared of snakes but now isn’t
Bilateral loss of amygdala
Urban weithe disease
Couldn’t experience fear

Question 13

What did the study by Feinstein et al (2013) show

Answer 13

Showed Images of patients with bilateral amygdala lesions

Intact fearful response to carbon dioxide inhalation
Suggests amygdala role in fear is not in the experience of fear per se, but I’m the translation of external threats into fearful response

Question 14

What is the process of fear conditioning

Answer 14

Tone alone= no response
Shock alone = normal startle
Shock and tone = startle
Tone alone = startle

Question 15

How would extinction work with fear of tone

Answer 15

Tone alone = startle
Tone alone = startle
Tone alone = no startle
Etc

Question 16

What is the role of the amygdala in fear conditioning

Answer 16

Amygdala lesions block fear learning
Rate with lesions: unable to learn to associate light with shock
Amygdala is necessary for implicit learning of threat

Question 17

What is the role of the amygdala In explicit learning (Phelps 2001)

Answer 17

Fear paradigm with FMRI
Ppts told one stimulus = shock and another = safety
No shocks administered
Results: amygdala plays role in expression of fear response, regardless if how it was learnt

Question 18

What type of events is the amygdala key for in long term memory

Answer 18

Emotionally arousing events

Question 19

What does the amygdala modulate

Answer 19

Hippocampal memory processes

Question 20

What is the amygdalas role?

Answer 20

Alter rate of forgetting of emotional stimuli

Question 21

Describe the study which looks at influence of emotion on attention - Bakin et al

Answer 21

Presented footshock + tones of different frequency
Neurons in auditory cortex changed their tuning according to frequency of Cs tones
Emotion influences attention via enduring changes in sensory cortical tuning

Question 22

What is the role of the amgygdala in attention

Answer 22

Getting unattended emotional stimulus into conscious awareness by providing feedback to primary sensory cortex

Can occurs via long lasting as well as more transient changes in sensory cortical tuning

Question 23

What is the semantic marker hypotheses (Damasio)

Answer 23

Emotional info, in the form of physiological arousal is needed to guide decision making
Somatic markers= bodily reactions to emotional stimuli

Question 24

What is the role of the OFC in reversal learning

Answer 24

Supports learning of association between somatic markers and complex situations
It then uses info to asses likely outcome of behavioural choices

Question 25

What did Bechara et al (1995) show about the amgygdala and hippocampus

Answer 25

Showed double dissociation of conditioning and declarative knowledge relative to the amygdala and hippocampus

Amygdala is necessary for implicit learning of threat

Question 26

What did coricelli show about the OFC and counter factual thinking

Answer 26

OFC activation greater when non-obtained outcomes is a loss,monky when complete feedback is given
Key role for OFC in representing the heightened emotional experience associated with avoiding a loss
Physiological response associated with loss avoidance is interpreted by OFC and used to guid future responding

Question 27

What did critchkey show a correlation between

Answer 27

Insula activation and internal bodily states

Insula correlated with trait anxiety and performance on heartbeat task

Selective deficit in recognition and experience of disgust after insula lesions

Question 28

What is the insula suggested to do

Answer 28

Represent subjective feeling states