Emotion Flashcards
What are the two categories of emotion
Basic
Complex
What is emotion
Feelings, physiological response to a stimulus and a behavioural response
What is a basic emotion
Inborn instinct Evolved Predictable response Shown with facial expressions Examples: happy, sad
What is a complex emotion?
Combination of basic emotions
No cross cultural facial expressions
Last for longer
Examples: jealousy, parental love
What is an emotional dimension
Emotions that are the same but vary across a dimension
What did Ekman do?
Looked at facial expressions as a window on emotions
Showed that facial expressions for basic emotions are the same across cultures
What did ortigue et al 2010 do
Meta analysis of neuroimaging studies on romantic love
Find out results
Draw the diagram to show dimensions of emotion
One scale = low to high
The other = pleasant to unpleasant
Two points on it are blissful and excited
What is the James-Lange theory of emotions
There is a stimulus > physiological reaction > automatic! no conscious interpretation of psychological response
What is the cannon-bard theory of emotion
Common physiological response for different emotions
Neural and hormonal feedback is too slow
Sympathetic nervous system coordinates behavioural reaction
Cortex generates the feeling
But Ekman showed some basic emotions could be separated by physiological response (anger, fear, disgust)
What is the singer - schachter theory
Emotional arousal and reasoning are required to appraise a stimulus before emotion identified
Adrenaline experiement: angry v euphoric
Those aware unaffected by other person and attributed feelings to behaviour of other person
What is the ledoux two emotion systems
One system for emotional responses - evolved to produce fast, automatic responses
Another for generating the conscious feeling of emotion - produces feelings, which are learned by experience
Describe patient SM (Adolphs et al)
Use to be scared of snakes but now isn’t
Bilateral loss of amygdala
Urban weithe disease
Couldn’t experience fear
What did the study by Feinstein et al (2013) show
Showed Images of patients with bilateral amygdala lesions
Intact fearful response to carbon dioxide inhalation
Suggests amygdala role in fear is not in the experience of fear per se, but I’m the translation of external threats into fearful response
What is the process of fear conditioning
Tone alone= no response
Shock alone = normal startle
Shock and tone = startle
Tone alone = startle
How would extinction work with fear of tone
Tone alone = startle
Tone alone = startle
Tone alone = no startle
Etc
What is the role of the amygdala in fear conditioning
Amygdala lesions block fear learning
Rate with lesions: unable to learn to associate light with shock
Amygdala is necessary for implicit learning of threat
What is the role of the amygdala In explicit learning (Phelps 2001)
Fear paradigm with FMRI
Ppts told one stimulus = shock and another = safety
No shocks administered
Results: amygdala plays role in expression of fear response, regardless if how it was learnt
What type of events is the amygdala key for in long term memory
Emotionally arousing events
What does the amygdala modulate
Hippocampal memory processes
What is the amygdalas role?
Alter rate of forgetting of emotional stimuli
Describe the study which looks at influence of emotion on attention - Bakin et al
Presented footshock + tones of different frequency
Neurons in auditory cortex changed their tuning according to frequency of Cs tones
Emotion influences attention via enduring changes in sensory cortical tuning
What is the role of the amgygdala in attention
Getting unattended emotional stimulus into conscious awareness by providing feedback to primary sensory cortex
Can occurs via long lasting as well as more transient changes in sensory cortical tuning
What is the semantic marker hypotheses (Damasio)
Emotional info, in the form of physiological arousal is needed to guide decision making
Somatic markers= bodily reactions to emotional stimuli
What is the role of the OFC in reversal learning
Supports learning of association between somatic markers and complex situations
It then uses info to asses likely outcome of behavioural choices
What did Bechara et al (1995) show about the amgygdala and hippocampus
Showed double dissociation of conditioning and declarative knowledge relative to the amygdala and hippocampus
Amygdala is necessary for implicit learning of threat
What did coricelli show about the OFC and counter factual thinking
OFC activation greater when non-obtained outcomes is a loss,monky when complete feedback is given
Key role for OFC in representing the heightened emotional experience associated with avoiding a loss
Physiological response associated with loss avoidance is interpreted by OFC and used to guid future responding
What did critchkey show a correlation between
Insula activation and internal bodily states
Insula correlated with trait anxiety and performance on heartbeat task
Selective deficit in recognition and experience of disgust after insula lesions
What is the insula suggested to do
Represent subjective feeling states
