Language and Power

Question 1

Which theorist identified the five bases of power?

Answer 1

French and Raven (1959)

Question 2

What are the five bases of power?

Answer 2

legitimate, reward, coercive, expert, referent

Question 3

What are the two sub-categories for the five bases of power

Answer 3

positional and personal

Question 4

political correctness

Answer 4

language intended to avoid offending someone based on their social characteristics

Question 5

linguistic engineering

Answer 5

deliberate attempts to alter the language that people use

Question 6

Norman Fairclough’s idea

Answer 6

we are ideologically positioned as ‘social subjects’ within discourse (language in discourse maintains social identities and inequalities)

Question 7

discourse two definitions

Answer 7

any stretch of language longer than a sentence or
distinctive types of language used in different social contexts

Question 8

what did Fairclough call what governs us in social settings

Answer 8

discourse conventions

Question 9

Fairclough argues most conversations are

Answer 9

unequal encounters
power struggles

Question 10

jargon

Answer 10

negative sense for unnecessarily complicated words

Question 11

name for specialised jargon

Answer 11

field-related jargon

Question 12

pseudo jargon

Answer 12

creates impression of sophistication without substantial reason

Question 13

features of jargon x7

Answer 13

clippings, acronym, initialism, semantic precision, affixation, latinate, complex sentences

Question 14

positives of jargon

Answer 14

efficient communication, group identity, expertise display

Question 15

negatives of jargon

Answer 15

alienate, obfuscation, overcomplication

Question 16

overt prestige

Answer 16

adopt forms of language associated with the ‘standard’ to gain status, respect or align with societal norms

Question 17

covert prestige

Answer 17

linked to non-standard speech to express identity or rebellion against mainstream norms, ‘cool’