Conventions of Speech

Question 1

paralinguistic features

Answer 1

non-lexical elements of communication in speech

Question 2

prosody

Answer 2

how tone is used in a language to convey meaning

Question 3

what are some prosodic features

Answer 3

volume, pitch, stress, rhythm, duration, intonation

Question 4

conversational implicature

Answer 4

an indirect or implicit speech act: what was meant by a speaker’s utterance that is not part of what was explicitly said

Question 5

conventions of speech

Answer 5

spontaneous
transient
interactive
shared context
informal
lacks prestige
paralinguistic features
meanings often inexplicit

Question 6

conventions of writing

Answer 6

planned
permanent
one way
no shared context
formal
secondary
perceived as prestigious
no paralinguistic features
meanings more explicit

Question 7

mixed-mode

Answer 7

elements of speech and writing eg. a planned/ pre-written speech

Question 8

what is the purpose of non-fluency features

Answer 8

avoids long pauses or silence and gives speaker time to think eg. er, um

Question 9

false starts

Answer 9

utterances that are cut short before completion, most commonly occur when a person has misspoken, in which case they will stop and correct themselves

Question 10

repaired utterances

Answer 10

speaker recognizes a speech error and repeats what has been said with some sort of self-correction.

Question 11

backchannelling

Answer 11

one participant is speaking and another participant interjects responses to the speaker. Can be verbal or non-verbal

Question 12

discourse markers

Answer 12

Indicate to switch from one topic to another, help to organise information and show relationships between ideas

Question 13

hedging

Answer 13

to say something without complete confidence

Question 14

deictic terms

Answer 14

pointing words

Question 15

intonation

Answer 15

how the voice rises and falls

Question 16

phatic communion

Answer 16

the social dimension and rituals of conversation

Question 17

referential conversation

Answer 17

giving information

Question 18

transactional conversation

Answer 18

seeking to get something done

Question 19

expressive conversation

Answer 19

speaker reveals their personal state of mind

Question 20

pragmatics

Answer 20

field of linguistics concerned with what a speaker implies

Question 21

adjacency pairs

Answer 21

initiation paired with a response

Question 22

what are some examples of adjacency pairs?

Answer 22

question + answer
apology + acknowledgement
greeting + greeting

Question 23

adjacency triplet

Answer 23

an initiation followed by a response followed by feedback eg. classroom settings

Question 24

what are the two types of overlap in conversation?

Answer 24

interruptions and backchannelling

Question 25

what are the three conversation theories?

Answer 25

1. co-operation principle (Grice) 2. politeness principle (Lakoff) 3. accommodation theory (Giles)