Language and Cognition Flashcards
What is an algorithm?
Step-by-step rules and procedures that guarantee a solution.
What is a Heuristic?
A ‘rule of thumb’ to solve a problem that can be applied quickly, but doesn’t guarantee a solution.
What is Implicit problem solving?
When a solution from a previous problem comes to mind without actively thinking about it.
What is problem solving?
The thought process to go from the initial state (problem) to the goal state (no problem).
What are the two types of problems?
Well-defined
Ill defined
What is fixation?
The inability to see a problem from a new perspective.
What are mental sets?
Using previous strategies to solve a current problem, however it may not be successful.
What is functional fixedness?
The tendency to only think of things in terms of their usual functions.
What is negative transfer?
When prior learning leads to difficulty in learning and remembering new material.
What are aids to problem solving?
Positive transfer
Analogies
Incubation
What is incubation?
When your subconscious mind solves a problem.
What hinders problem-solving?
Mental sets, functional fixedness, negative transfer, focusing on irrelevant information.
What helps problem solving?
Positive transfer, analogies, incubation
What is thinking?
Manipulating mental representations (images or words) for a purpose.
What two types of heuristics are involved in decision making?
Representativeness Heuristic
Availability Heuristic
What is Representativeness Heuristic?
Basing a decision on similarity. Ignoring key information due to the similarity.
What is Availability Heuristic?
Making decisions based on the information we have available in our memory.
What is Anchoring Heuristic?
Relying on existing information to make judgements and decisions.
What is conformation bias?
Searching for information that confirms our personal bias.
What is over confidence?
The tendency to be more confident than correct.
What is framing?
Posing an issue a certain way to affect the judgement and decisions.
What is a concept?
A mental representation of what a category involves
What is a category?
Collections of real or imagines objects, actions and characteristics that share core properties.
What is language?
A system of sounds, symbols, meanings and rules of combination that allow for communication between humans.
What are the key properties of language?
Communicative
Arbitrary
Dynamic
Meaningfully structured
Multiplicity of structure
Productive
What is a phoneme
The distinctive sounds that make up a word.
How many phoneme’s does the Australian Language have?
44.
What is a morpheme?
Small units of language that contain meaning (a word or part of a word)
What is syntax?
Rules for organising phrases and sentences.
What is surface structure?
The order of words in a sentence.
What is deep structure?
The underlying meaning of the sentence.
What is semantics
Rules about meaning
