Language and Cognition Flashcards
What is an algorithm?
Step-by-step rules and procedures that guarantee a solution.
What is a Heuristic?
A ‘rule of thumb’ to solve a problem that can be applied quickly, but doesn’t guarantee a solution.
What is Implicit problem solving?
When a solution from a previous problem comes to mind without actively thinking about it.
What is problem solving?
The thought process to go from the initial state (problem) to the goal state (no problem).
What are the two types of problems?
Well-defined
Ill defined
What is fixation?
The inability to see a problem from a new perspective.
What are mental sets?
Using previous strategies to solve a current problem, however it may not be successful.
What is functional fixedness?
The tendency to only think of things in terms of their usual functions.
What is negative transfer?
When prior learning leads to difficulty in learning and remembering new material.
What are aids to problem solving?
Positive transfer
Analogies
Incubation
What is incubation?
When your subconscious mind solves a problem.
What hinders problem-solving?
Mental sets, functional fixedness, negative transfer, focusing on irrelevant information.
What helps problem solving?
Positive transfer, analogies, incubation
What is thinking?
Manipulating mental representations (images or words) for a purpose.
What two types of heuristics are involved in decision making?
Representativeness Heuristic
Availability Heuristic
