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NB3 > Language And Aphasias > Flashcards

Language And Aphasias Flashcards

1
Q

What do pragmatic deal with?

A

Context

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2
Q

What do semantics deal with?

A

Meaning

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3
Q

What do grammar and syntax deal with?

A

Phrases and sentences

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4
Q

What does morphology deal with?

A

Words

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5
Q

What does phonology deal with ?

A

Phonemes

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6
Q

What does phonetics deal with?

A

Speech siunds

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7
Q

Describe Broca’s case of aphasia

A

Leborgne (1811-1861) developed epilepsy in his youth, aphasia at age 30, and right-sided weakness at age 40

  • Examined by Broca during final days
  • Could only say the word “tan” but comprehension was intact
  • Neuropath exam: “slow and gradual dissolution of left hemisphere”
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8
Q

What is the role of the left hemisphere?

A

Left hemisphere is dominant (in 95% of right-handers and 70% of left-handers) for:

  • language comprehension
  • language expression
  • lexicon (although there is evidence of bilateral representations)
  • phonetic assembly
  • phonetic procession
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9
Q

What is the role of the right hemisphere?

A

Role of the right hemisphere:
• communicative and emotional prosody (stress, timing, intonation)
– right anterior damage: wrong intonation
– right posterior damage: difficulty in
interpretation

• pragmatics of language
– damage of right hemisphere: difficulty in
construction of sentences into a story
– difficulty in understanding jokes, sarcasm

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10
Q

What is the Wernicke’s-Geschwind model of language?

A
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11
Q

What are the parts of the brain that utilize auditory and visual language input?

A
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12
Q

What is the pathway of spoken word?

A

Incoming spoken word:
auditory signal → auditory pathway → Wernicke’s area → evocation of the word’s meaning in brain areas near to Wernicke’s area

Outgoing spoken word:
thoughts → conversion to a acoustic/auditory representations via Wernicke’s area → arcuate fasciculus → Broca’s area → motor cortex

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13
Q

Describe language processing for reading and writing?

A

Reading:
input from visual cortices → fusiform (visual word form area) → Wernicke’s area → evocation of the word’s meaning in brain areas near Wernicke’s area

Writing:
visual or auditory input / thoughts or memories → conversion to an motor / visual image in Wernicke’s area (and angular gyrus) → arcuate fasciculus → Broca’s area → premotor hand area → motor output

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14
Q

What is lexicon ?

A

Lexicon – the vocabulary of a person, language, or branch of knowledge
Lexical Access - The process by which the basic sound-meaning connections of language (i.e., lexical entries) are activated

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15
Q

At what point does aphasias cause?

A
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16
Q

What are the goals of aphasia examination?

A
  1. Characterize type of aphasia syndrome, which can inform cerebral localization of damage
  2. Measure level of performance across different domains to monitor change over time
  3. Assess strengths and weaknesses to inform therapeutic options
17
Q

What are the types of aphasia examination?

A

Comprehension
– Spokenlanguage
– Written language

• Naming
– Visualconfrontationnaming
– Auditorynaming
– Tactile naming

• Repetition

• Expressive Speech
– Fluent/nonfluent
– Rhythm,prosody
– Content(paraphasias?)
– Articulation(dysarthria?)

• Writing

18
Q

How do we classify aphasia?

A

To classify aphasia, it is necessary to determine whether a patient is able to:
• Understand spoken language, as evidence by accurate responses t spoken language and ability to follow spoken commands

• Read aloud accurately and with comprehension

• Consistently name common objects, presented visually, auditorily,
tactilely

  • Accurately repeat spoken words, words and phrases
  • Speak fluently with normal articulation and rhythm, without paraphasic syntactical or grammatical errors or usage of circumlocutory phrases
  • Write legibly and grammatically
19
Q

What causes Broca’s aphasia?

A

Damage to inferior frontal cortex (Brodmann’s areas 44 & 45)

20
Q

What are the symptoms of Broca’s aphasia?

A

Pronunciation speech rhythm- dysarthria, stuttering, effortful

Speech content- missed syllables, agrammatical, telegraphic

Repition of speech- abnormal, but better than spontaneous

Comprehension of spoken language- normal
Comprehension of written language- normal

Writing- clumsy, agrammatical, misspelling

Naming- better than spontaneous speech

Other- hemiplegia, apraxia

21
Q

What are the symptoms of Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

Pronunciation- normal, fluent, loquacious

Speech content- use of wrong or nonexistent words

Repetition of speech- abnormal

Comprehension of speech- very abnormal

Comprehension of written language- abnormal but better than for spoken

Writing- penmanship ok but misspelling and inaccuracies

Naming- abnormal, wrong names (paraphasias)

Other-sometimes hemaniopia

22
Q

What causes Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

Damage to posterior sector of left auditory association cortex (posterior superior temporal gyrus, Brodmann’s area 22)

23
Q

Where does Wernicke’s Aphasia cause?

A
24
Q

What causes Gerstmann Syndrome?

A

Damage to the angular gyrus, Brodmann’s area 39

Left – right confusion, acalculia,
agraphia, finger agnosia, reading deficits

25
Q

What are the symptoms of Gerstmann Syndrome?

A

Pronunciation speech rhythm - normal

Speech content -often normal

Repetition of speech -normal

Comprehension of spoken language- normal

Comprehension of written language- very abnormal

Writing- very abnormal spelling errors

Naming- often abnormal

Other- slight hemiparesis, hemianopsia

26
Q

What causes Conduction aphasia?

A

Damage to the arcuate fasciculus (white matter connecting Broca’s and Wernicke’s)

27
Q

What are the symptoms of conduction aphasia?

A

Pronunciation- normal

Speech content- some wrong words

Repetition - abnormal

Comprehension of spoken language- slightly abnormal, difficulty with complex syntax

Comprehension of written language- often normal

Writing- occasional spelling and language errors

Naming- occasional wrong names (paraphasias)

Other- slight hemiparesis,
neglect of right- sided stimuli

28
Q

Explain Motor Articulation for Speech Vocalization

A

Explanation: The patient is right-handed which suggests a strong likelihood that language functions are lateralized to the left hemisphere. Right-sided numbness suggests left-sided damage in the vicinity of the somatosensory regions, but we cannot be sure if the damage involves gray or white matter (i.e., disrupted sensory regions or disrupted pathways to sensory regions). Speech is fluent so we can rule out Broca’s Aphasia. Comprehension is intact so we can rule out Wernicke’s Aphasia. There is no mention of the 5 hallmark symptoms of Gerstmann Syndrome. Repetition is damaged, making Conduction Aphasia the most likely diagnosis

29
Q

What causes global aphasia?

A

Combination of Broca‘s, Wernicke‘s, and conduction aphasia

30
Q

What are the symptoms of global aphasia?

A

Pronunciation speech rhythm- very abnormal

Speech content -very abnormal

Repetition of speech- very abnormal

Comprehension of spoken language- very abnormal

Comprehension of written language- very abnormal

Writing- very abnormal

Naming- very abnormal

Other- hemiplegia, hemiparesis

31
Q

What causes transcortical sensory aphasia?

A
32
Q

What are the symptoms of transcortical sensory aphasia?

A
33
Q

What causes transcortical motor aphasia?

A

Damage to occipito-temporal-parietal watershed zone between posterior and middle cerebral artery territories

34
Q

What are the symptoms of Transcortical motor aphasia?

A
35
Q

What are the classifications of aphasia ?

A
36
Q

What is alexia?

A

Definition:
Alexia
• word blindness, inability to read
• disconnection between visual and language system

• vision bilateral ………… language lateralized

• Alexia results from disruptions in transfer of visual
information to the areas of the left hemisphere

• Damage in the splenium (posterior part) of the corpus callosum

37
Q

What is dyslexia?

A

Dyslexia (Specific Learning Disorder): developmental reading deficit

  • Difficultyinreadingandspelling(despitenormal eyesight and hearing, adequate education and normal IQ)
  • 10 – 30 % of population

• Some possible causes:
– Children with dyslexia have not developed phonological awareness (ability to attend individual sounds and associate them with letters).
– Abnormalities in ventral (word identification) and dorsal (orthographic-to-phonetic) visual-auditory pathways

NB3 (33 decks)

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