Emotions Flashcards
What is James-Lange theory?
Sensory input—> motor program/ somatic state—> subjective feeling
What is Cannon-Bard theory?
Sensory input—> somatic state + subjective feeling
What is the Schaffer-Singer two factor theory?
Sensory input—> somatic state + cognitive appraisal—> subjective feeling
What is the advance of James-Lange?
• Emotional stimuli cause physical response which drives subjective feelings
What is the advance of Cannon-Brad?
Emotional stimuli cause simultaneous physical response and subjective feeling
What is the advance of Schachter-Singer ?
Two-factor theory: Cognitive appraisal and physiological state interact to give rise to subjective feeling
What are the 2 key phylogenic developments?
Two key phylogenic developments:
- Atrophy of the olfactory system
- Expansion of the frontal and parietal lobes
Summarize the conceptual evolution of the lambic system-paper circuit
1937: Papez Circuit
Cingulate - “mechanism of emotion”
Hippocampus-thalamus-MB provides stimulus information to the cingulate: “what is this?”
Hypothalamus mediates physiological arousal
Information from these two networks converge in the cingulate to give rise to the subjective emotion
Summarize the conceptual evolution of the lambic system- the. “Visceral brain”
Paul Maclean, 1949: The “Visceral Brain”
1. Showed that Papez’s circuit receives both interoceptive and exteroceptive information
- Brought the septum and amygdala into the circuit
- Argued that this system was automatic, preverbal, unconscious, and inaccessible to the intellect
Summarize the conceptual evolution of the lambic system- high road vs low road
LeDoux, 1998
Low road = low-resolution visual info straight to amygdala (bypasses V1)
High road = high-resolution
info to cortex; slower
Summarize the information flow to and from the limbic system
- The limbic system receives inputs from sensory systems and monoamine neuronal groups of the brainstem reticular formation.
- Primary outputs of the limbic system are directed to the hypothalamus.
- This arrangement allows the limbic system to alter the activity of the hypothalamus in response to sensory input.
PAG: periaqueductal grey matter
Describe the advance of Broca
• Comparative neuroanatomy of limbic lobe
• Structures: subcallosal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, isthmus,
parahippocampal gyrus, uncus
What is the advancement of Papez theory?
- Role of limbic circuit in emotion
- Cingulate as main structure supporting emotional experience
• Papez Circuit: hippocampus-fornix-hypothalamus-fornix-
mammillary bodies-mammillothalamic tract-anterior nucleus of the thalamus-internal capsule-cingulate gyrus-cingulum- entorhinal-hippocampus
What is the advancement of MacClsan theory?
• Limbic system; Paleomammalian brain
• Structures: hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, cingulate,
amygdala, septal region
What is the advancement of LeDoux?
- Low road (SC-pulvinar-amygdala-hypothalamus): fast, automatic, low-resolution, “where” stream, bottom-up
- High road (LGN-V1-corticocortical-amygdala): slow, controlled, high-resolution, “what” stream, top-down
What are the symptoms of Kluver-Bucy syndrome?
- DOCILITY
- LOSS OF FEAR
- HYPERORALITY
- HYPERPHAGIA
- HYPERSEXUALITY
- PSYCHIC BLINDNESS
Additional symptoms for humans:
- MEMORY IMPAIRMENT
- APHASIA
- UTILIZATION BEHAVIORS
- SEIZURES
How does Phineas Gage demonstrate the role of the frontal lobes in emotion?
Prior to frontal lobe injury:
polite, socially well adapted, responsible, capable
Post-injury: erratic, impatient, irreverent and emotionally expressive
Demonstrated that ventromedial frontal lobes play a critical role in behavioral monitoring and emotion regulation.
What are the symptoms of Bioateral temporal (amygdala, hippocampus, anterior temporal lobe)?
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome • Hyperphagia (always hungry) • Hyperorality (insertion of inappropriate objects in mouth) • Hypersexuality (increase in sexual urges/activity • Hyperdocility (agreeable, docile) • Utilization Behaviors • Visual Agnosia • Memory Impairment
What are the symptoms of Prefrontal lesion (phineas gage, transorbital lobotomies)?
Emotional disinhibition
- Emotional flattening, increased docility
- Decreased goal-oriented behavior
Discuss formation of fear memory network
Sound—> auditory thalamus—> auditory cortex—> basolateral amygdala
Shock—> somatosensory thalamus—> somatosensory cortex—> basolateral amygdala —> central amygdala
Central amygdala(CE)—> central grey—> freezing CE—> lateral hypothalamus
Bed nucleus if atria terminalis
Discuss the formation of contextual fear memory
Sound—> auditory thalamus—> auditory cortex—> hippocampus
Auditory + hippocampus—> amygdala
Somatosensory thalamus—> somatosensory cortex—> hippocampus + amygdala
How does the hippocampus track context?
Hippocampus tracks context:
• up-regulates amygdala firing in threat context
• down-regulates amygdala firing in safe context.
What are the components of the neural circuit for fear learning and extinction learning?
Hypothalamus(fight or flight)- connects to central amygdala
Ventromedial FC (down-regulation of fear/ extinction learning) + orbitofrontal cortex (long term fear memory)
Amygdala (fear learning)
What are the symptoms of temporal lobe epilepsy?
Aura (deja-vu, sense of fear, olfactory or gustatory sensations, rising epigastric sensations)
- Behavioral automatisms: lip- smacking, automatic movements
- Attention/cognitive comorbidities
- Ictal amnesia
• Mood changes (anxiety,
depression)
What’s the significance of epilepsy and anxiety ?
Children with epilepsy and comorbid anxiety disorder have larger amygdala and smaller prefrontal cortex relative to children with epilepsy but no anxiety disorder (Jones et al., 2015 Epilepsia)
• Can this be explained by what we learned about fronto-limbic fear circuitry
