language acquisition file 8 Flashcards
Lingustic universals
All basic features shared by languages
Homesign
communicative gestures used to form an association with a meaning
imitation theory
claims children learn a language by listening to speech around them and reproducing what they hear
reinforcement theory
children learn to speak like adults because they are praised, rewarded when they use the right forms and corrected when they’re wrong
active construction of a grammar theory
children actually invent rules of grammar
social interaction theory
lean language through interaction with older children and adults
high amplitude sucking
given a special pacifier that is connected to a sound generating system- technique used to study infants up to 6 mo. of age
conditioned head turn procedure
used with infants 5-18months. two phases conditioning and testing
VOT voice onset time
Voice distinctions that are heard
Articulatory gestures
Involved in producing a particular sound
Babble
Producing sequences of vowels and consonants (spoken language) hand gestures (signed language)
Repeated or canonical babbling
7-10 months, continual repetition of syllables helps practice a sequence of consonant and vowel sounds
Variegated babbling
Infant strings together different syllables
age of behavior
12 weeks
cries less, smiles when talked to, coos for 15-20 secs.
16 weeks
responds to human sound more definitely, search for speaker, chuckling sounds, distinguishes between [i] and [a]
20 weeks
intersperses vowel-like cooing with more consonantal sounds
6 months
Cooing babbling resemble one-syllable utterances [ma] [mu] [da] [di]
8 months
continuous repetitions of the same syllable, basic intonation patterns, uses utterances to signal emphasis and emotions
10 months
Mixes vocalizations with sound play (gurgling or bubble blowing), appears to imitate sounds but imitations not successful
12 months
replicates identical sound sequences, words are emerging, shows definite signs of understanding
holophrase
a one-word sentence
Telegraphic
The speech of young children
plurals
acquired by kids early but does not mean they have mastered it
negatives
children go through stages in learning to produce negative sentences
interrogatives
children can produce questions only by using a rising intonation rather than by using syntactic structure
complexive concept
Creating a set of objects that do not have any particular unifying characteristic
Overextensions
When a child extends the range of a word’s meaning beyond that typically used by an adult
Underextension
Application of a word to a smaller set of objects than is appropriate for mature adult speech
relational term
constitues a relatively complex concept. Two things kept in mind; absolute size of object and its position on a scale of similar objects
deictic expressions
words referring to personal temporal or spatial aspects of an utterance whose meaning depends on the context
infant directed speech
speech directed at children
attention getters
to tell children which utterances are addressed to them and which they should be listening to
attention holders
whenever they have more than one thing to say (a story)
conversational turns
adults encourage children to take turns as speaker and listener in convo
language mixing
using more than one language in a conversation or phrase
second language acquistion
after acquiring native language learning second language later in life
fossilization
morpho syntax or pronunciation can become fixed or not changed
18 months
has repertoire of words-more than 3 less than 50, still engages in babbling now of several syllables, no frustration and not being understood, may include thank you or come here, progresses rapidly in understanding
24 months
vocal of more than 50 words, joins vocal items into two word phrases, phrases appear to be own creations, increase in communicative behavior and interest in language
30 months
fastest increase in vocab, no babbling, frustrated if not understood, utterances of at least two words, displays characteristic child grammar, not yet very intelligible
