chapter 3 Flashcards
Phonetic Constraints
Restrictions on possible combinations of sounds
Sound substitution
Sounds that exist in a lanuage a speaker knows are used to replace sounds that do not exist in the language when pronouncing words in a foreign language
Phoneme
Class of speech sounds that seems to be variants of the same sound
Allophone
corresponds to an actual phonetic segment produced by a speaker
Contrastive distribution
Two sounds occur in the same phonetic environment, and using one rather thanthe other changes the meaning of the word
Minimal pair
Pair of words whose pronunciations differ by exactly one sound and that have different meanings
Alteration
difference between two (or more) phonetic forms that you might otherwise expect to be related
Complementary distribution
Allophones of the same phoneme
Free variation
Interchangeable in word-final position. Perceived as having the same sound.
Overlapping Distribution
Sounds that are in contrastive distribution and sounds that are in free variation
obstruents
Produced with an obstruction of the airflow
sonorants
segments produced with a relatively open passage for the airflow
palatalization
special type of assimilation in which a consonant becomes likes a neighboring palatal
vowel harmony
Common type of long distance assimilation. Back vowel becomes front when preceded by a front vowel in the same word
dissimilation
Cause two close or adjacent sounds to become less similar by a means of a change in one or both sounds
insertion
cause a segment not present at the phonemic level to be added to the phonetic form of a word
Voiceless stop insertion
Between a nasal consonant and a voiceless fricative, a voiceless stop with the same place of articulation as the nasal is inserted
Deletion
Rules eliminate the sound that was present at the phonemic level
metathesis
Change the order of sounds
Strengthening
Make sounds stronger
Aspiration
Voiceless stops become aspirated when they occur at the beginning of a stressed syllable
Weakening
Considered to be a weaker sound because it is shorter and obstructs air less
Flapping
An alveolar (oral) stop is realized when it occurs after a stressed vowel and before an unstressed vowel
obligatory rules
Include aspiration, vowel nasalization, vowel lengthening and liquid and glide devoicing
optional rules
May or may not apply in every utterance. Responsible for variation of speech. Depends on rate and style of speech.
