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PSYCH 2A > Language 9.1 > Flashcards

Language 9.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is bilingualism?

A

The use of two or more languages in one’s everyday life

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2
Q

What are 3 types of bilingualism? What is the issue with them? (1 sentence each)

A

Simultaneous - both from early childhood
Early sequential - one preceeds another
Late - one learned much earlier than the other

Methodological issue: lack of homogeneity
Great variation in language experiences

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3
Q

What is L1, L2, and dominant language?

A

L1 - first language learnt
L2 - second language learnt
Dominant language - most comfortable/confident using

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4
Q

Why is the study of language acquisition complicated? (4 points)

A
  • doesn’t involve explicit instruction: spontaneous from exposure to linguistic inout
  • mainly based on positive evidence
  • it’s fast
  • universal
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5
Q

What are 8 language milestones and at what age does each stage occur?

A

0-4 months: can tell difference between phonemes
4-6 months: babbles consonants
6-10 months: understands some words and requests
10-12 months - begins use of single words
12-18 months - has 30-50 word covab
18-24 months - two-word phrases ordered to syntactic rules, vocab consists of 50-200 words, understands rules
2-3 years months - around 1,000 word vocab: produces phrases + incomplete sentences
3-5 years - vocab over 10,000 words, full sentences, master grammatical morphemes + function words + form questions/negations

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6
Q

What are 4 stages of preverbal development and at what age does each occur?

A

0-2 months natural sounds
2-5 months cooing and laughter
6-8 months vocal play
6-18 months babbling

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7
Q

What are 6 actions that coincide with preverbal development in infants?

A

Imitation
Turn-taking
Joint attention
Pointing
Reaching
Head shaking

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8
Q

What are 5 stages of linguistic development in infants and at what age does each occur?

A

1-1.5 years - early one word stage
1.5-2 years - late one word stage
1.5 - 2.5 years - two word stage
2.5 - 3.5 years - three word stage
3 - 5 years - multi word phrases

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9
Q

What kind of nouns and phrases are part of the one word stage of verbal development, and at what age does this occur?

A

10-12 months
Concrete nouns:
Important names
Animals
Food
Toys

Holophrases:
Single word utterances

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10
Q

What are two-word utterances in infant development and when does it occur? (6 points)

A

18 months
Multiword phrases
Lacking grammatical morphemes
Lack function words
Words convey meaning like nouns and verbs, omit prepositions
Follow rules of language but not full sentences

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11
Q

What is the preferential looking paradigm? (2 points)

A

Two static images - infants hear sentence + look to the one consistent
17-month-olds understood word order

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12
Q

How do newborns learn the sounds of their native language and how is this shown through the high amplitude sucking paradigm? (1 sentence, 3 stages in paradigm)

A

They have a sensitivity to native speech sounds
Paradigm:
Baseline sucking rate
Habituation - repeat same sound
Testing - expose to new sound

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13
Q

What skills are required for word segmentation? (3 points)

A

Find word boundaries
Combining this with phonotactic regularities
Picking up on stress patterns

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14
Q

What is transitional probability? (2 points)

A

The probability of a current phoneme or sound chunk given the previous one
Language-specific but not static

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15
Q

What are 3 biases in language learning? Are children good at picking these up? (4 points)

A

Whole object constraint - label it refers to the whole thing

Taxonomic constraint - they will go on to label all similar things with this label

Mutual exclusivity - one label for one item

Fast mapping - children can link word to concept after single exposure

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16
Q

What are two types of theories of language development?

A

Empiricist
- knowledge from experience
- imitation and reinforcement

Nativist
- fundamental knowledge is innate
- language acquisition device

17
Q

What are the pitfalls of empiricist and native theories of language development? (2/3 points each)

A

Empiricist
- too simplistic
- poverty of stimulus: speech isn’t perfect, kids don’t get perfect input. full of dysfluency/mispronunciation
- not enough examples of particular grammatical rules

Nativist
- don’t explain how language develops, only why
- overgeneralisation errors - u-shaped development - kids begin with correct form but then extend this too much

18
Q

What 3 biological / linguistic events occur during an early critical period?

A
  • Brain lateralisation of left hemisphere due to maturation
  • Second language acquisition (harder in adults)
  • Linguistic deprivation
19
Q

What are 9 bilingual milestones that occur between 6 months - 5 years?

A

6-12 months - babbling in syllables
12 months - comprehension of many words and phrases
Soon after 12 months - production of single words in one/two languages
1.5 - 2 years months - noticeable increase in number of different words produced
2.5 - 3 years - production of short sentences with some bound morphemes / closed class grammatical words
3.5 years - child mostly understandable to unfamiliar adults who speak same languages
4 years - production of complex sentences
4.5-5 years - ability to tell a short story that hangs together

20
Q

At what ages do 6 linguistic milestones occur for monolingual vs bilingual children?

A

Babbling: 4-6 months vs 6-12 bilingual
Understanding some words: 6-10 months vs 1 year
Begin using single words: 10-12 months vs 1 year+
Two-word and holophrases 1.5-2 years vs 2 years +
Short-sentences: 2 - 3 years vs 2.5 - 3 years
Complex sentences: 3- 5 years vs 4 - 5 years

21
Q

What is wrong with the view of bilingualism being two monolinguals in one? (4 points)

A

Based on monolingual standards
Focus only on influences on development and cognition
Little focus on bilingual competence
Insecurity about language abilities

22
Q

What is beneficial about the updated view of bilingualism as ‘sum is more than the parts’? (4 points)

A

Coexistence and constant interaction produces new linguistic entity
Rarely equally and completely fluent
Two languages can be used separately / together / different purposes/domains/people

23
Q

What are two language modes?

A

Code-switching (alternation between languages)
Word borrowing

24
Q

What are quantitative and qualitative differences in language acquisition in bilinguals? (3 points)

A
  • reduced exposure for each language
  • need to be able to detect different languages
  • separate and parse the information relevant to two different language systems
25
Q

What is the head-turn methodology for language discrimination? (3 points)

A

Set up with a fixation/main point to look at then two speakers on either side
Sounds played randomly from either speaker location
Speed of turning to particular direction

26
Q

What did the high amplitude sucking paradigmm show for newborns abilities of language discrimination?

A

Bilingual newborns were equally interested in two languages whereas monolingual English exposure favoured English

27
Q

How do bilingual children do word segmentation? (3 points)

A

Use transitional probability cues to segment words
Exposure to more frequent language mixing helps successful segmenting
From 6-9 months they are sensitive to rules of dominant language, may be delayed for non-dominant

27
Q

How do bilingual children do word segmentation? (3 points)

A

Use transitional probability cues to segment words
Exposure to more frequent language mixing helps successful segmenting
From 6-9 months they are sensitive to rules of dominant language, may be delayed for non-dominant

28
Q

How do bilingual children tackle mutual exclusivity? (2 points)

A
  • Most languages only have one name per object, different languages use different words
  • Mutual exclusivity therefore does not have a strong bias toward helping bilingual children learn new words
29
Q

How does vocbulary size and fluency vary between monolinguals and bilinguals? (3 points)

A
  • same amount of word learning takes place
  • bilinguals know fewer words per language but same in total
  • bilinguals have lower verbal fluency
30
Q

Why do bilinguals have lower verbal fluency than monolinguals? (3)

A

They must continually select between activated alternatives
Bilinguals are not two monolinguals
Joint activation of languages causes interference in comprehension from activating irrelevant lexicon

31
Q

How does bilingualism impact cognitive skills? (7 points)

A

Cognitive control
Executive function
Brain plasticity
Confusing
Size of vocabulary
Access-speed (fluency)
Bilingual advantage

32
Q

What are cognitive benefits of bilingualism in children in terms of grammatical structure?

A

Gramatical detection higher in bilingual –> both can understand grammar + have equal linguistic knowledge but difference in how knowledge is accessed

33
Q

Does bilingualism impact the onset of Alzheimer’s disease, how, and why? (4 sentences)

A
  • Delays onset but doesn’t necessarily slow down its progression or exclude bilinguals from developing it
  • Increased cognitive reserve - pathological aging can be slowed by experiences that foster its ability to compensate/be resilient to aging
  • Higher cognitive reserve requires more neuropathology before disease manifests
  • Bilinguals with Alzheimer’s have greater brain atrophy than monolinguals with same level of cognitive function
34
Q

What are the costs of bilingualism? (2)

A

Lower vocab range within language even when fluent at all ages
Poorer performance on word access/retrieval tasks

35
Q

Overall, how does bilingualism possibly reorganize specific brain networks? (3)

A

Creating more effective basis for executive control
Sustaining better cognitive performance throughout lifespan
Delaying onset of dimentia

36
Q

Overall, how does bilingualism possibly reorganize specific brain networks? (3)

A

Creating more effective basis for executive control
Sustaining better cognitive performance throughout lifespan
Delaying onset of dimentia

37
Q

Overall, how does bilingualism possibly reorganize specific brain networks? (3)

A

Creating more effective basis for executive control
Sustaining better cognitive performance throughout lifespan
Delaying onset of dimentia

PSYCH 2A (21 decks)

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