Developmental 4.3 Flashcards
What is the most intensive period for acquiring speech and language skills, and why?
0-3 years
Rich exposure to experiences
How is language generative? (1 sentence)
The elements of language can be recombined in many ways to reconvene meanings
What occurs in th e prelinguistic stage of language acquisition? (3 points)
Tailoring perception of phonemes to native language
Early vocalizations (cooing, squealing)
Babbling (practice producing phonemes, pitch, rhythm)
When do the one-word and two-word utterances stages occur and whats included in them? (2 points each)
One-word: 1 year
Holophrases: single world standing in for larger sentences
Two-word: 18 months
Consistently formed and worded
Replaced by telegraphic speech
What is morphology?
Linguistics - internal structure of complex words
Children learn rules that apply to new language
What are characteristics of motherese (child-directed speech)? (5 points)
Louder voice
Slower speech
Accentuate boundaries between words
Fewer words
Repeat and expand on child’s utterances
What does semantic development entail? (1 sentence)
Linking the sound of language to meaning
What are potential characteristics for late language learners? (3 points)
Have accents
Fail to master syntactic subtleties
Fail to notice grammatical errors
What are three types of neural dissociations, and what do they result in? (1 sentence each)
Aphasia - some language abilities selectively impaired caused by brain damage
Syntactic skills reduced - semantic skills intact
Williams Syndrome - cognitive impairments paired with high levels of linguistic skill
Specific Language Impairment (SLI)
Genetic linguistic impairments e.g. dyslexia
What is neural dissociation? (1 sentence)
Aspects of language are impaired while others remain intact
What is the development of self? (1 sentence)
Developing a concept of who you are
What is the mirror test, its aim, and at what age do children become successful at it? (3 steps, 1 aim, age range)
Making a mark on the child’s face
Place child in front of the mirror
See if child touches mark on face
See if they understand concept of self-recognition
Most pass at 18 months - 2 years of age
What is gender identity? (1 sentence)
Categorizing oneself as male or female
What are gender roles? (1 sentence)
Preferences, appearances, and actions that are correlated with particular gender identities
What is gender object-choice? (1 sentence)
Attraction toward members of a particular gender
What is self-esteem? (1 sentence)
Value-related aspect thinking about ourselves
How does self-esteem develop over 4 periods of age?
Preschool years - extreme/excessive positive self-esteem across all dimensions
Early school years - still positive, less extreme
Social comparisons towards younger self
Middle childhood - compartmentalize self-image
Sees negative attributes in self
Social comparisons begin influencing self-worth
Adolescence - complex social comparisons + depend on context
Individual differences become more pronounced
What is self-efficacy? (1 sentence)
Beliefs about one’s own capabilities
What are the three components of memory and their purpose?
Encoding - mentally representing info
Storage - storing encoded info
Retrieval - finding stored memory
What are the three memory regions in the brain and what are they responsible for? (few points each)
Prefrontal cortex: develops later, critical to strategy use and metamemory knowledge
Posterior cortex: develops before prefrontal and after hippocampus, many functions including storage of context-independent info e.g. semantic facts
Hippocampus: develops early, consolidates memories + sets up retrieval system to track + integrate memories distributed in the cerebral cortex
What are three forms of memory and their estimated time-ranges?
Sensory - temporary, related to auditory processing (quickest)
Working - short-term memory (around 15 seconds)
Long-term - different forms (up to life-time)
What are 6 types of long-term memory and their main characteristic?
Implicit - effects behaviour
Explicit - consciously recalled
Procedure - knowing how to do something
Declarative - knowing something is true
Semantic - knowledge/facts
Episodic - events/memories
What are the three hypotheses of infantile amnesia and what happens in each?
Memory format change hypothesis - impossible to access old format of memory
Neural change hypothesis - late maturation of brain structures limit early storage (least evidence)
Cueing hypothesis - differences in cues trigger memory retrieval limit later recollection
What are three features of autobiographical memory and their function? (1 sentence each)
Orienting info - provides context for the where/who of an event
Referential detail - physical properties of important entities
Evaluative info - conveys narrator’s own response to event
What is metacognition and how does it develop by age 5? (definition + three points of development)
An illusion of knowing - children overestimate knowledge + do not update it based on feedback
By age 5 - good at evaluating knowledge + intentions of others
Learn that different people have different ‘expert knowledge’
Move away from absolutism
What is executive function? (1 sentence)
Effortful, goal-directed regulation of attention, thoughts, and actions
What is executive function useful for and why is it needed? (3 points each)
Useful: resisting temptations, staying focused, thinking before acting
Needed in situations where: no routine, need for complex behaviours, conflict /interferences
How do childhood executive functions predict adult executive functions? (1 sentence)
Childhood EF is a predictor for life success and high EF in adulthood
What is self-regulation and how does it develop over preschool to school age? (definition + 2 points)
The ability to control our emotions and actions
Increases over time
Preschool - low level of self-regulation
School age- starts to improve
What does dissociable mean in terms of self-identity?
Self-identity is separable from biological definitions
