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Neuro > language > Flashcards

language Flashcards

1
Q

what is language?

A

a system for representing and communicating information about the world using symbols and rules

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2
Q

how has language evolved over time?

A

ancestral language
regional dialects
modern language families (eg. Romance languages)

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3
Q

name the 5 functional components of language?

A
  1. articulation
  2. phonology
  3. meaning
  4. syntax
  5. comprehension
    art pieces mean some cash
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4
Q

define articulation

A

movement of tongue, lips or jaw to modify a sound wave

  • classified by place and manner of articulation
  • place is where the articulation takes place, eg. labial, alveolar, palatal
  • manner is voiced or unvoiced (voice = accompanied by a tone or note), and fricative or plosive
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5
Q

define phonology

A

the sound combinations from which the syllables and words of a language are built up

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6
Q

define meaning

A

semantics

  • representation in long term memory of concepts and the relations between them
  • objects we can recognise and name, and emotions attached with them
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7
Q

define syntax

A

arrangement of words and phrases to create well formed sentences in a language

relies on grammatical markers and word order

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8
Q

define comprehension

A

representing the meaning of words spoken or written by another person
-takes into account context, pitch and stress

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9
Q

what is language thought to be dependent on?

A

a left hemisphere network of cortical regions and white matter connections called the language network

-anterior

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10
Q

what is the auditory cortex critical for?

A

understanding speech

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11
Q

anterior region of the temporal lobe is involved in?

A

meaning

left and right temporal poles are associated with the cortex, where we first experience things

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12
Q

arcuate fasiculus/Fasciculus Arcuatus

A

connects Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area in the brain

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13
Q

role of wernikes area?

A

decoding incoming speech signal

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14
Q

name some different parts of the brain involved in the cerebral comprehension of language?

A
  • Broca’s Area
  • Arcuate fasiculus
  • Auditory Cortex
  • Wernicke’s Area
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15
Q

what is syntax dependent on?

A

left interior frontal gyrus

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16
Q

describe comprehension in terms of the brain regions involved

A
  • primary auditory cortex
  • temporal poles
  • left inferior frontal gyrus
  • arcuate fasciculus
  • left posterior superior
  • temporal gyrus
17
Q

name 2 types of brain damage that can cause language impairment

A

stroke and neurodegeneration

18
Q

stroke can cause 4 different impairments - what are they?

A

Broca’s aphasia
Wernickes aphasia
Conduction aphasia
Adynamic aphasia

19
Q

what is the commonest form of language change?

A

haemorrhagic or ischaemic stroke

20
Q

Brocas aphasia

A 
haemorrhagic stroke, damage to Broca's area
-difficulty with articulation 
-fragmented speech 
-reduced comprehension 
BUT they understand meaning
21
Q

Wernickes aphasia

A

penetrating brain injury, damage of posterior regions of language network
speech is fluent but has meaningless phonological strings

22
Q

Conduction aphasia

A

lacunar stroke, damage to posterior perisylvanian regions
difficulty with repetition
-mild fluency and comprehension difficulties

23
Q

Dynamic aphasia

A

left anterior cerebral artery (MCA) infarction, damage to left inferior frontal gyrus

rarest aphasia

-difficulty planning, initiating or maintaining speech
-reduced, fragmentary, echoic, perseverative speech
TEST: high vs. low constraint sentence completion

24
Q

give examples of brain damage (language-related) that neurodegeneration can lead to?

A

non-fluent progressive aphasia
fluent progressive aphasia
logopenic progressive aphasia

25
Q

non-fluent progressive aphasia

A

caused by primary tauopathy

slow, distorted, agrammatic speech production

  • begins with subtle changes, follows a progressive course
  • patient experiences phonological and grammatical errors in spontaneous speech
  • single word comprehension well preserved
26
Q

fluent progressive aphasia

A

caused by TDP-43 proteinopathy in anterior temporal regions

normal sounding speech rate, but the production of empty content. It begins with subtle word-finding changes.

The ability to use generic words and pronouns in spontaneous speech is retained, but there are profound single word comprehension difficulties.

27
Q

logopenic progressive aphasia

A

Alzheimer’s disease, posterior perisylvian region

starts with subtle word-finding changes, and progresses to the poverty of speech output

occasional errors in syntax and phonology
poor sentence repetition

Neuro (21 decks)

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