emotion Flashcards

1
Q

what is emotion?

A

a feeling you experience

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2
Q

how can we study emotion?

A

using human or animal studies

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3
Q

what is meant by manifestation of emotions?

A

how emotions present on your face - other people can tell how you feel based on the manifestation of your emotions

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4
Q

what is the maze experiment and what does it show?

A

maze with 2 open and 2 closed arms

  • normally, the mouse would feel most secure in the closed arms and it spends most of its time there
  • the time the mouse spends in the closed vs open ends gives an indication of how fearful it is
  • but, injecting it with diazepam causes it to spend more time in the open ends
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5
Q

what is shown by the forced swim test?

A
  • beaker filled with water, place mouse in it
  • mouse will swim for 5-6 mins, then come to an immobilisation point where it doesn’t want to anymore
  • the immobilisation point is linked to depressive-like behaviour
  • mouse withdrawn from opioids has more depressive-like behaviour
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6
Q

what does the 3-chambered box show?

A

measures social behaviour
box with 3 interconnected chambers, put a mouse in 1 cage in left chamber and an object in the other in right chamber, and place mouse in the chamber and see where it goes
-mice are social, so it will travel to the chamber with the caged mouse - spend more time in the social chamber
-mouse withdrawn from opioids spends equal time in social and object chambers

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7
Q

what are the 2 theories of emotion?

A

James-Lange

Cannon-Bard

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8
Q

explain the james-lange theory

A

experiencing emotions in response to physiological changes in the body

  • first we manifest the emotion, then we get the feeling
  • eg. seeing a snake, get sweaty palms and racing heart, and then we feel fear
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9
Q

explain the Cannon-Bard theory?

A

experiencing emotions independent of emotional expression

-experience the emotion, and then this induces manifestation

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10
Q

what is the brain region responsible for emotions?

A

Broca’s limbic lobe

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11
Q

Broca’s limbic lobe

A

limbus means border

  • hippocampus
  • cingulate gyrus (cingulate cortex diff to the rest of the cortex)
  • medial surface temporal lobe
  • also amygdala is involved in limbic system
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12
Q

what is the parahippocampal gyrus? and what is its role?

A

grey matter cortical region of the brain that surrounds the hippocampus
-hippocampus and para hippocampus gyrus primary function in memory

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13
Q

what is the cingulate gyrus and its function?

A

curved fold covering the corpus callosum

  • role in complex motor control
  • pain perception
  • social interactions - mood
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14
Q

explain the papez circuit

look at diagram

A

neocortex - where emotional colouring takes place

from neocortex to the cingulate cortex, responsible for experiencing emotions

cingulate cortex signals to the hippocampus

hippocampus signals to the hypothalamus via the fornix - emotional expression happens

hypothalamus has ANS and endocrine activation, also activates anterior nucleus of the thalamus which signals to the cingulate cortex - restarts the cycle

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15
Q

cortex role

A

experiencing emotions

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16
Q

hippocampus role

A

behavioural expression of emotion

17
Q

lesions of anterior thalamus lead to

A

spontaneous crying or laughing

18
Q

amygdala role

A

learning and storage of emotional aspects of experience

-fear, anxiety, aggression

19
Q

in times of sadness, which region of the brain is activated?

A

frontal cortical regions

20
Q

in times of anger, which region of the brain is activated?

21
Q

when is the amygdala very hyperactive?

A

when we feel fear

22
Q

where is the amygdala located?

A

close to the hippocampus

23
Q

what is the amygdala formed from?

A

many nuclei and sub nuclei

24
Q

inputs and outputs of amygdala signals?

A

inputs: hippocampus and cingulate gyrus, cortex - these project to the amygdala
- basolateral, corticomedial and central nuclei receive info

outputs: projections to the hypothalamus via the stria terminalis

25
what characteristics will a temporal lobe removal cause?
removal of the temporal cortex, amygdala and hippocampus - reduced fear - hypersexual - oral tendencies (putting objects in mouth) - psychic blindness (seeing objects but not being able to give them any importance)
26
amygdalectomy
- removal of the amygdala, useful for aggressive people - reduce fear - reduce aggression - reduce ability to recognise a fearful expression (but can recognise happiness) - flattened emotions
27
electrical stimulation of amygdala?
- increased vigilance | - anxiety, fear and aggression
28
explain amygdalas role in memory?
learning of fear and having the memory of this emotion - forming memories of emotional events - eg. reliving experiences that are bad, PTSD
29
explain the 2 types of aggression?
predatory aggression - no sympathetic activity - motivation to kill affective aggression - high levels of sympathetic activity - just for show - social heriarchy
30
surgery to reduce human aggression?
amygdalectomy or psychosurgery | -relief from anxiety, unpleasant side effects
31
hypothalamus and aggression?
electrical stimulation of hypothalamus leads to predatory aggression
32
medial hypothalamus elicits which type of aggression?
medial hypothalamus - affective aggression | periaqueductal gray matter
33
lateral hypothalamus elicits which type of aggression?
lateral hypothalamus - predatory aggression | medial forebrain bundle, projects to VTA
34
serotonin and aggression relationship?
aggression inversely related to serotonin activity
35
5HT antagonist
increases aggression
36
5HT agonist
decreases anxiety and aggression