Language Flashcards
Structure and systems that make u a language
Grammar
Describe person, place, thing, idea
Fill the position of the subject or object in the sentenc
Noun
_ is the person or thing doing something
Subject
_ is having something done to it
Object
Replace nouns in a sentence or paragraph allowing writer to achieve flow without unnecessary repetition
Pronoun
Act as the subject or objects in the sentence
She, her
Personal pronoun
Indicate possession
My, our
Possessive pronoun
Intensify a noun or reflect back upon a noun
I myself made it. I made it myself
Reflexive or intensive pronoun
Linking together dependent clauses
Staple phrases together
Relative pronouns
_ begin questions
They request information about people, places, things , ideas, location, time, means, and purposes
Interrogative pronouns
Who, whom, what, where, when, which, why, how are expamples of
Interrogative pronouns
Point out or draw attention to something or someone
Can indicate proximity or distance
Demonstrative pronouns
Replace nouns to avoid unnecessary repetition
Replace a list of names or objects
Indefinite pronouns
_ express action or state of being
Convey mood
Verb
_ verbs state facts
_ verbs make a state en of speculation or wish (would, could, should)
Indicative verb
Subjunctive verb
_ verbs state a command
Imperative verbs
Verbs are conjugated in(3)
Active or passive voice
To indicate person (first, second, third)
_ voice expresses a dynamic a action
They played tennis
Active voice
Verb tense indicates
The time of the action
Past, present, future
_ join the subject to the subject compliment
The dog IS cute
Linking verbs
_ verbs take an object
Lay something
Raise something
Set something
Transitive verbs
_ verbs do not take an object
Lie
Rise
Sit
Intransitive verb
Modify action or describing role
(He QUICKLY ran next door). Her VERY effective speech.
Answer questions where, when, why, how etc
Adverbs
Quickly, very
_ modify or describe, but they add to the meaning of nouns and pronouns only
What kind? Which one? How many? How much?
(FIVE THOUGHTFUL students come to work)
Adjectives
Limiting adjectives (3)
a, and, and the
_ join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences
Conjunctions
_ join dependent clauses - provide transition btwn two ideas in a sentence
( dependent clause - cannot stand alone as a sentence, provides information)
Subordinating conjunctions
Examples of _
After, as soon as, as if, because, although, in order that, as, than
Subordinating conjunctions
_ add expressions of emotion, punctuated with commas or exclamation points
*avoid in academic writing
No grammatical attachment to the sentence
ouch! Wow!
Interjections
_ phrase
Begins with a preposition(describe relationships in time and space) and ends with an object of the preposition
The dog is hiding under the porch
Prepositional phrase
_ phrase
Composed of the main verb (express action or being)alone with its helping verbs
The chef would have created another soufflé, but the staff protested
Verb phrase
_ phrase
Consists of a noun and its modifiers
The big,red barn rests beside the vacant chicken house
Noun phrase
_ phrase
A particular type of noun that phrase that renames the word or group of words that precedes it
Follow the noun they describe and are set apart by commas
My dad, the clock maker, loved antiques
Appositive phrase
_ phrase
Begins with an ing word
Acts as a noun
Gerund phrase
_ phrase
Verbal phrases that function as adjectives (modifying & add meaning to noun and pronoun)
Use a verb with an -ED or -ING ending to modify a noun or
pronoun
Sinking deeper in the mud, the boy yelled for help
(Sinking and boy)
Participle phrase
_ phrase
Begin with ‘to’ + verb (action or being)
To visit Europe had always been her dream
Infinitive phrase
What the subject is, has or does
The alligator EATS COOKIES and MILK
Predicate
Contain both a subject and a predicate
Clause
_can stand alone as its own sentence
Independent clause
_ cannot stand alone a a sentence
Start with subordinating conjunctions(after, before, once, in order that, so, whether) which make them sound incomplete
Ex: because the dog ate her homework
Dependent clauses
One complete sentence, one complete idea. Has only one independent clause
The cat ran under the porch
Simple sentence
Two or more independent clauses and NO dependent clauses
The cat ran under the porch and the dog ran after him
Compound sentence
Has only one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
The cat, who is scared of the dog, ran under the porch
Do as you please.
Complex sentences
Two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clause
The cat, who is scared of the dog, ran under the porch, and the dog ran after him
Compound-complex sentence
