Language

Question 1

What’s unique about Chinese readers?

Answer 1

They show more bilateral activation while reading even when they’re reading in English.

Question 2

What is phonetic and surface dyslexia?

Answer 2

Phonetic: have trouble pronouncing words when reading them. Can still read symbolic script (Japanese have two scripts and they can still read the symbolic one).

Surface: Have trouble distinguishing between homophones. They can still read the phonetic script.

Question 3

Sublexical

Answer 3

Below the whole word (parts of a word or not including words)

Question 4

What does the ventral stream do?

Answer 4

Processes signals for comprehension (speech recognition).

Question 5

What does the dorsal stream do?

Answer 5

Maps acoustic speech signals to frontal lobe articulatory networks (speech perception). This includes translating acoustic speech signals into articulatory representations in the frontal lobe, essential for speech development and normal speech production.

Question 6

Which stream is bilateral and which is more lateral?

Answer 6

Ventral is bilateral and dorsal is lateral.

Question 7

STG

Answer 7

Superior temporal gyrus (Wernicke’s area)

Question 8

What are two reasons that STG is thought to not be solely involved in speech perception?

Answer 8

Damage to the superior temporal gyrus (Wernicke’s area) does not inhibit the ability to perceive speech sounds and destruction of it does not impair the ability to understand speech. It only affects the ability to produce it.

Speech recognition circuits may share neural tissue with the STG.

Question 9

Is the ability to discriminate syllables and the ability to understand words associated?

Answer 9

No. It’s doubly disassociated.

Question 10

What is the difference between the dorsal and ventral circuits?

Answer 10

Dorsal stream is related to speech perception and ventral to speech recognition.

Question 11

What areas of the temporal lobe are used in speech recognition?

Answer 11

Superior and middle

Question 12

What areas does the dorsal stream include?

Answer 12

Posterior frontal and posterior dorsal temporal and parietal operculum

Question 13

STS

Answer 13

Superior temporal sulcus

Question 14

SPT

Answer 14

Sylvian fissure at the parietotemporal boundary

Question 15

aITS

Answer 15

anterior inferior temporal sulcus

Question 16

aMTG

Answer 16

anterior middle temporal gyrus

Question 17

pIFG

Answer 17

posterior inferior frontal gyrus

Question 18

PM

Answer 18

premotor cortext

Question 19

What does the earliest stage for cortical speech involve?

Answer 19

spectrotemporal analysis in the auditory cortices bilaterally in the supratemporal plane.

Question 20

What is spectrotemporal analysis?

Answer 20

Analysis of volume of audio frequencies

Question 21

What is audio frequency?

Answer 21

pitch. hertz

Question 22

Explain the stages of speech processing and brain areas involved

Answer 22

It’s known as the dual-stream model

Spectrotemporal computations with phonological-level processing in the middle to posterior portions of the STS with weak left-hemisphere bias diverges to dorsal and ventral pathways

Dorsal pathway: maps sensory or phonological representations onto motor representations

Ventral pathway: maps them onto lexical conceptual ones.

Question 23

What area is involved in spectrotemporal analysis?

Answer 23

Bilateral

Speech perception starts here

Dorsal areas of the superior temporal gyrus (STG)

It’s in the thumb crease area of the temporal lobe and communicates directly with a ventral (STS) and posterior area (Sylvian fissure)

STG to STS is part of phonology at a lexical level

Question 24

What area is involved in phonological processes?

Answer 24

Bilateral

Posterior half of the STS.

It’s located in the middle of the thumb, ventrally and somewhat posteriorally (half way back from) the STG.

It communicates with the STG, Sylvian fissure, and posterior and inferior portions of the temporal lobe.

STS may map whole words

Question 25

What areas correspond with the lexical interface to link phonological and semantic information?

Answer 25

Bilateral Posterior inferior portions of the temporal lobe located at the bottom of the brain and meeting the STS. Communicates with the STS and anterior inferior portions of the temporal lobe. Contains the visual word form area (sort of) Abstract meaning

Question 26

What areas correspond to the proposed combinatorial network of the ventral stream?

Answer 26

Lateral It's the semantic hub as is supported by semantic aphasia evidence. Anterior inferior portions of the temporal lobe Located towards the bottom but not quite all the way and up by the thumb knuckle. Communicates with the posterior inferior portions of the temporal lobe and the Broca's area. Posterior area of the posterior inferior temporal lobe communicates with it to move to a conceptual system

Question 27

What areas correspond to the sensorimotor interface?

Answer 27

Lateral Sylvian fissure at the parietotemporal boundary (Spt) It's located posterior to the STG with some small gap. It communicates with the STG, STS, and anteror locations in the frontal lobe including Broca's region, dorsal premotor cortex site,

Question 28

What areas are involved in the articulatory network?

Answer 28

Lateral Broca's region (located above the thumb knuckle) and the dorsal premotor cortex located even further dorsally. Broca's area communicates with the anterior inferior temporal cortex and both communicate with the Sylvian fissure

Question 29

Is there one pathway or multiple paths to lexical access and are they parallel or serial? And is it lateral or bilateral?

Answer 29

Multiple, bilateral, parallel paths

Question 30

What supports the idea of redundant bilateral computational mechanisms?

Answer 30

Behavioral evidence that people can still understand speech despite degradation. Anesthetizing the left hemisphere still allows some access.

Question 31

What bilateral areas show activation while listening in an MRI?

Answer 31

Dorsal STG and STS

Question 32

What is phonetic encoding?

Answer 32

Processing syllables. d-ah-g for dog.

Question 33

Explain the diagram of the speech pathway.

Answer 33

Spectrotemporal analysis (Dorsal STG, bilateral) Phonological network (Mid-Post STS, bilateral) Sensorimotor interface (Input from other sensory modalities, Parietal-temporal Spt, lateral) Articulaory network (pIFG, PM, anterior insula, lateral Combinatorial network (aMTG, aITS, lateral?) lexical interface pMTG,PITS, weak lateral), back to STS or Conceptual network (widely distributed) Articulatory Network

Question 34

Voicing

Answer 34

Vibration of the vocal cords

Question 35

Continuous vs explosive?

Answer 35

Manner of articulation or how the air moves

Question 36

What is the kinematics of the mouth?

Answer 36

Place of articulation.

Question 37

How is it clear that it's difficult to rehear ignored sounds?

Answer 37

When slowly switching from rake to lake, Japanese comprehenders show no effect but English speakers do. I think this was described as an attractor space or magnet. We don't hear ambiguity, we just switch all of a sudden.

Question 38

When do babies switch from being universal listeners to preferential listeners?

Answer 38

Between 8-10 months. Before 8 months, babies look at the new sound in ra ra ra ra la ra ra ra, but after that, Japanese babies decreased looking and English babies increased.

Question 39

How do babies learn sounds?

Answer 39

Parents exaggerate salient sounds or praise salient babbling or both Hebian, statistical learning is likely too slow.

Question 40

What is the McGurk effect?

Answer 40

Pairing the audio of one sound with the visual of another sound. People follow the visual signal.

Question 41

What is the Feedforward Control Subsystem

Answer 41

Speech Sound Map (left Frontal Operculum) to Cerebellum or Articulatory Velocity and Position Maps (motor cortex) to articulatory musculature via subcortical nuclei. Note: If it goes to the cerebellum it proceeds to the Articulatory Velocity and Position Maps (motor cortex) Note: The Speech sound map forms phonemes.

Question 42

What is the Feedback Control Subsystem?

Answer 42

Three routes Auditory feedback via subcortical nuclei: Auditory State Map (Sup Temporal Cortex) to Auditory Error Map (Sup. Temporal Cortex) to Articulatory Velocity and position maps Somatosensory feedback vis subcortical nuclei: Somatosensory Sensory State Map (Inf. Parietal Cortex) to Somatosensory Error Map (Inf. Parietal Cortex) to Articulatory Velocity and Position Maps. Speech Sound Map (Left Frontal Operculum) to Auditory Error Map or Somatosensory Error Map) This sends sensory expectations to these errors that are also receiving feedback.

Question 43

What is the somatosensory target region all about?

Answer 43

Looks like a proprioceptive signal from the tongue that can predict the consequences of movement.

Question 44

What does DIVA stand for and what is its purpose?

Answer 44

Directions Into Velocities of Articulators seeks to learn to control movements to create phonemes through a babbling cycle. It babbles to learn what sounds go with which movements and then can match those movements to sounds it hears.

Question 45

Why are feedforward and feedback systems necessary?

Answer 45

Feedback alone isn't fast enough. I think this is the same principle as with motor. The whole movement has to be planned.

Question 46

Main point: Speech production

Answer 46

Interactive, distributed, hierarchical