Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

CogNeuro Class > Aphasias > Flashcards

Aphasias Flashcards

1
Q

What are four domains that aphasia can affect?

A

Talking, listening (comprehension), writing, and reading.

Also can be considered association, storage, retrieval, and rule implementation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are some common causes of aphasia?

A

Stroke (hemorrhagic or ischemic), trauma (brain injury), tumors and their removal, infection, neurodegenerative disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a hemorrhagic stroke?

A

A blood vessel bursts and releases blood into the brain tissue (5-10% of strokes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is an ischemic stroke?

A

Blockage in a blood vessel deprives the brain of oxygen and nutrients (75-85% of strokes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Can you be born with an aphasia?

A

No. By definition they are acquired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are some implications about the formal definition of aphasia?

A

There’s no loss of anything. Language isn’t happening, but the area of the areas are not altogether gone.

Linguistic representations are still present in a strict representational/dynamical systems sense.

Rules that are used to assemble these representation into coherent units of language are also still present

The problem is an impairment of access all of the above or activating/inhibiting information in properly timed and regulated ways to build representations.

Language doesn’t have to be relearned. It’s still sensitive to priming for example.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Are aphasias associated with dementias?

A

No. The definitions do not cover dementias.

Primary progressive aphasia may be an exception.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is aphasia not?

A

It’s not associated with other cognitive impairment like dementia, delirium or psychiatric disorder, coma, sensory loss, motor dysfunction (apraxia of speech-problems planning motor movements or dysarthria-weak muscles and slurred speech).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are some common linguistic aphasic deficits and characteristics?

A

Anomia, auditory comprehension, agrammatism, dysgraphia, dyslexia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is anomia?

A

Difficulty finding words (tip of the tongue) or semantic/phonological errors when finding words.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is agrammatism?

A

Omission of function words so that speech sounds like it is a telegram (Telegraphic speech).

Difficulty with verbs/verb morphology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are some common linguistic/performance aphasic deficits and characteristics?

A

Variable performance, slowed processing times, reliance on situational context to understand or convey meaning, reduced sentence length/complexity, perseverative speech, reduced verbal STM and WM span, reduced gestures and co-verbal behaviors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What kind of problem is variable performance?

A

access problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is STM and WM?

A

Short-term and working memory.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the three most common classification systems used for aphasia diagnosis today?

A

The Centers and Pathways (Wernicke/Lichtheim Model) aka “the Boston Classification System” (most common)

The fluent/nonfluent classification

No classification - aphasia is one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is fluency?

A

measure of utterance length and prosody.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the four centers-and-pathway domains of measurement in the Boston Classification system?

A

Fluency, Auditory Comprehension, Repetition, Aphasia Type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Explain Broca’s aphasia

A

Very slow and non-fluent speech.

Nonfluent output, good comprehension, poor repetition, effortful speech, distorted articulation, short phase length.

Agrammatic production and comprehension

Often hemiparetic

Lesion site: Posterior 2/3 of the inferior frontal gyrus; pars triangularis and pars opercularis; BA44,45

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What constitutes agrammatic comprehension?

A

Trouble with non-standard sentence order, like passive tense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which type of aphasia is helped by singing?

A

Aphasias that affect motor speech, like Broca’s aphasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does hemiparetic mean?

A

Weak on one side of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the 8 domains for measuring aphasia?

A

Articulatory agility, phrase length, grammatical form, melodic line (prosody), paraphasia in running speech, word finding relative to fluency, sentence repetition, auditory comrehension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How is articulatory agility measured?

A

Ability to articulate phonemes and syllables from unable to produce speech sounds, to clumsy, to unimpaired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How is phrase length measured?

A

By longest occasional uninterrupted word runs. 1 word-7 words.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How is grammatical form measured?
Variety of construction and use of grammatical morphemes. No syntactic word groupings -> simplification and omission of required grammatical morphemes -> normal
26
How is melodic line measured?
no prosody, intonation of only short phrases, normal melody
27
How is paraphasia in running speech measured?
It's only considered if phrase length is more than 4 words. Present in every utterance -> 1-2 instances per minute of conversation -> absent
28
How is word finding measured?
As relative to fluency. Fluent but empty speech -> informational relative to fluency -> words with content are common
29
How is sentence repetition measured?
as a percentile from 0-100
30
How is auditory comprehension measured?
as a percentile from 0-100 with a mean percentile of the three standard subtests
31
What scores might Broca's aphasia receive?
``` Articulatory agility: 1-4 Phrase Length: 1-4 Grammatical Form: 1-4 Melodic Line: 1-4 Paraphasia in running speech: 5-7 Word finding: 4-7 Sentence repetition: 30-60% Auditory comprehension: 50-100% ```
32
What is true about predicting recovery?
It's difficult. Total size of lesion is probably most diagnostic of recovery rather than location, but recovery is still possible even with full hemispheric removal.
33
How would Broca's aphasia score on the Boston Classification System?
Nonfluent, good auditory comprehension, poor repetition
34
How would Wernicke's aphasia score on the Boston Classification System?
Fluent, poor auditory comprehension, poor repetition.
35
How would Anomic aphasia score on the Boston Classification System?
Fluent, good auditory comprehension, good repetition
36
How would Conduction aphasia score on the Boston Classification System?
Fluent, good auditory comprehension, poor repetition
37
How would Transcortical Sensory aphasia score on the Boston Classification System?
Fluent, poor auditory comprehension, good repetition
38
How would Transcortical Motor aphasia score on the Boston Classification System?
Nonfluent, good auditory comprehension, good repetition
39
How would Mixed Transcortical (Isolation) aphasia score on the Boston Classification System?
Nonfluent, poor auditory comprehension, good repetition
40
How would Global aphasia score on the Boston Classification System?
Nonfluent, poor auditory comprehension, poor repetition
41
Explain Wernicke's aphasia
Good prosody Empty content (lots of this and that references) Use of non-words/anomia neologisms Long syntactically varied utterances Poor self-monitoring (lack of awareness of most errors) Lexical-semantic/conceptual-semantic impairments Not usually motor deficits Lesion site: posterior superior temporal gyrus BA22
42
What is anomia neologism
non words
43
What is a neologism
A newly coined word
44
What scores would Wernicke's aphasia receive?
``` Articulatory agility: 6.3-7 Phrase Length: 5.5-7 Grammatical Form: 5.5-7 Melodic Line: 6.5-7 Paraphasia in running speech: 1-4 Word finding: 1-3 Sentence repetition: 0-60% Auditory comprehension: 0-45% ```
45
Describe Global Aphasia
May have varied, often neologistic output or recurrent stereotypy Usually hemiparetic or hemiplegic Lesion site: Large, perisylvian
46
What is stereotypy?
Repetition of an act without obvious purpose
47
What does hemiplegic mean?
Paralysis of half the body
48
Perisylvian
Around the sylvian fissure (Lateral sulcus) | Divides the thumb from the fist if the hand is used to model the brain
49
Describe Conduction aphasia
Able to accurately paraphrase sentences that they cannot correctly repeat Frequent phonemic or literal paraphasias Conduite d'approche: mult. production attempts that progressively more closely approximate the target Between Broca and Wernicke in fluency motor deficits are uncommon Lesion sites: Arcuate fasiculus and/or supramarginal gyrus (BA40)
50
How does Conduction aphasia score?
``` Articulatory agility: 5.2-7 Phrase Length: 4.8-7 Grammatical Form: 4.4-7 Melodic Line: 5.8-7 Paraphasia in running speech: 2-4 Word finding: 2-4 Sentence repetition: 0-50% Auditory comprehension: 50-100% ```
51
Describe Anomic aphasia
Circumlocution and semantic paraphasias may be the predominant error types Mild case or end result in recovery Motor deficits are uncommon Lesion site: Classically angular gyrus BA 39 More recently: Temporal lobe lesions have been associated with category-specific naming deficits Temporal pole with proper names Anterior ITG and MT: animal names Temporo-occipital junction: Tool names
52
How does aphasia affect bilingualism?
Bilingual people tend to recover faster. Whether or not both languages are affect depends and varies
53
How does Anomic aphasia rate?
``` Articulatory agility: 6.5-7 Phrase Length: 6-7 Grammatical Form: 6.5-7 Melodic Line: 6.5-7 Paraphasia in running speech: 5-7 Word finding: 2-4 Sentence repetition: 70-100% Auditory comprehension: 60-100% ```
54
What is circumlocution?
Inefficiency in word use. Could use fewer words to say the same thing
55
Describe Transcortical Motor aphasia
May have generally akinetic or bradykinetic presentation LE > UE hemiparesis (lateral and unilateral) Lesion site: watershed region between MCA and ACA; SMA (BA6); anterior & superior to Broca's area
56
Describe Transcortical Sensory aphasia
May be echolalic | Lesion site: watershed region between MCA and PCA; temporo-occipital junction
57
Akinetic
Slowness or loss of normal movement
58
Bradykinetic
Pertaining to slowed ability to start and continue movements, and impaired ability to adjust the body's position
59
What is a watershed area?
Regions of the body that receive dual blood supply from the most distal branches of two large arteries.
60
What are some outdated assumptions of the Wernicke-Lichtheim classification system?
Language representations are stored in discrete "centers" Centers are connected to one another by unique and discrete pathways Lesions in specific centers or pathways created specific, differentiable types of aphasia The behavioral dimensions of fluency, comprehension, and repetition are unitary, localizable, and bimodally distributed.
61
Because of outdated assumptions, the Wernicke-Lichtheim suffers what limitations?
Linguistic and communicative behaviors are missing from the classification Treatment planning has little predictive value Prognosis has little predictive value Lesion locations only offer general predictive value
62
What's a problem with scoring fluency?
It can interact with motor speech problems (like apraxia) or language impairment
63
What's a problem with scoring repetition?
There are different impairments that can lead to the same problem.
64
What's the repetition model?
Hear the word -> Acoustic analysis -> Acoustic to phonological conversion -> Response buffer -> speech Hear the word -> Acoustic analysis -> Auditory input lexicon -> phonological output lexicon -> response buffer -> speech The middle of the model loops with cognitive/semantic components
65
How often does Broca's aphasia predict anterior lesions?
35% (17/48)
66
How often does an anterior lesion predict Broca's aphasia?
59% (17/29)
67
How often does Wernicke's aphasia predict posterior lesions?
48% (23/48)
68
How often does a posterior lesion predict Wernicke's aphasia?
90% (23/26)
69
How often does Global aphasia predict a large lesion?
75% (59/79)
70
How often does a large lesion predict Global aphasia?
83% (59/71)
71
What is one hard fact about aphasia and lesions?
It usually co-occurs with a perisylvian legion of the left hemisphere.
72
What is true about localization of apraxia?
It's usually localizable to Broca's area.
73
How often does Apraxia of speech predict Broca's lesion/hypoperfusion?
87% (26/30)
74
How often does a lesion Broca's area/hypoperfusion predict Apraxia?
84% (26/31)
75
How often does Apraxia of speech predict insular lesions/hypoperfusion?
41% (12/29)
76
How often does an insular lesion/hypoperfusion predict apraxia of speech?
39% (12/31)
77
What is hypoperfusion?
Sounds like a stroke or shock to the brain. The inadequate perfusion of body tissues, resulting inadequate supply of oxygen and nutrients
78
What is perfusion?
Passage of fluid through the circulatory system to tissue.
79
How can imaging be used to help study and rehabilitation in aphasia?
Neuroplastic changes can be detected as a response to treatment. Structural imaging can predict aphasia treatment success. TMS and tDCS as adjuncts to behavior therapy
80
What are some structural changes found in relation to aphasia treatment?
Increased activation of right-hemisphere homologues in post-acute phase of recovery. Re-activation of peri-lesional areas in chronic phase among patients showing best response to therapy
81
What are some ways structural imaging has been shown to predict rehabilitation in aphasia?
Intact RH homologues and basal ganglia associated Intact LH hippocampus and surrounding white matter Intact peri-lesional LH cortex All associated with positive treatment response
82
Is aphasia isolated to language?
It also overlaps with other cognitive deficits such as attention, working memory, and executive functioning deficits. The more these are impaired the greater language impairment. These are co-morbid but independent
83
What's an open question from the lecture?
Are there functional relationships between language and control deficits?
84
What's one area of research about language and control deficits?
How long do they spend search for a word? Speed-accuracy tradeoffs.
85
Define aphasia
A central, multimodal impairment in symbolic language processing performance independent of possibly co-morbid cognitive or sensory impairments
86
What are problems with the classification model?
Clinical utility Criteria for classification Lesion-symptom correlations
87
What are three cardinal features of aphasia?
Word finding difficulty, comprehension impairment, and moment-to-moment variability
88
Explain the dorsaw stream of speech
Auditory input leads to acoustic phonetic speech codes which goes dorsal to auditory-motor interface and on to articulatory-based speech codes.
89
Explain the ventral stream of speech
Auditory input leads to acoustic phonetic speech codes which goes ventral to sound-meaning interfaces
90
What areas are associated with articulatory-based speech codes?
pIF/dPM (left)
91
What area is associated with auditory-motor interface?
Area Spt (left) sylvian parietal temporal
92
What area is associated with acoustic-phonetic speech codes?
STG (bilateral)
93
What area is associated with sound-meaning interface?
pITL (left)
94
What is lemma?
Word meaning without the utterance or sound
95
What area is associated with a lemma?
The association areas between STS and pITL (MTG and ITG)
96
Where are sound based representations?
STG
97
What does Spt do?
maps between auditory representations of speech and motor representations of speech.
98
Does sub-lexical speech perception performance correlate with auditory comprehension
no. They doubly disassociation and are therefore performed by different areas of the brain.
99
What are three theories that diverge from classical associate connectionist models that posit distinct regions for language features?
Brown's microgenetic theory, cognitive neuropsychological perspective, and computational approaches
100
What are paraphasias?
symptoms of aphasia
101
Describe Brown's microgenetic theory.
Paraphasias represent reemergence of previous stages of linguistic development. Also more basic language structures are possible through more primitive areas of the brain.
102
Describe cognitive neuropsychological perspective.
Looks at brain damage for evidence, but double disassociation is rare and the interactions between systems hard to track.
103
Describe computational approaches.
A model can be created and interactions tested to see if they produce aphasic like data.

CogNeuro Class (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions