Language

Question 1

BLANK - the belief that some human actions are freely chosen.

Answer 1

Libertarian free will

Question 2

BLANK- the belief that all events are caused by past events such that nothing other than what does occur could occur.

Answer 2

Hard determinism

Question 3

BLANK- This principle says that an action is free only if the agent – that is, the person doing the thing – could have done otherwise.

Answer 3

Principle of Alternate Possibilities

Question 4

BLANK- means that no physical event can occur without having been caused by a previous physical event.

Answer 4

Event causation

Question 5

BLANK, which says that an agent – a being propelled by a mind – can start a whole chain of causality that wasn’t caused by anything else.

Answer 5

Agent causation

Question 6

18th-century French philosopher BLANK said that none of our actions are actually free. HE believed that everything that’s happening right now is the result of an unbroken chain of events.

Answer 6

Baron D’Holbach

Question 7

BLANK- view that all parts of the world, and of our own experience, can be traced back – or reduced down – to one singular thing.

Answer 7

Reductionism

Question 8

All you have to do is change one factor – BLANK AND BLANK – and you’ll get a different outcome.

Answer 8

a belief, desire, or temperament

Question 9

BLANK- says that everything is actually determined, but we can still call an action free when the determination comes from within ourselves.

Answer 9

Soft Determinism

Question 10

It’s like the difference between someone being pushed off a diving board, as opposed to jumping. The result is the same – you end up in the water – but it does look like the cause is different.

Answer 10

YES

Question 11

In some cases, be morally responsible for things he does, even when he couldn’t have done otherwise. We call these situations BLANK.

Answer 11

Frankfurt Cases

Question 12

BLANKis one of our most nuanced and powerful tools.

Answer 12

Language

Question 13

Early 20th century German philosopher BLANK helped parse out this difference by drawing a distinction between what he called sense, and reference.

Answer 13

Gottlab Frege

Question 14

The BLANK of a word is the object or concept that it’s meant to designate.

Answer 14

reference +

Question 15

BLANK, on the other hand, is the way in which the words tie us to the object or concept.

Answer 15

Sense

Question 16

A BLANK is traditionally understood as whatever meets the conditions for both necessity and sufficiency.

Answer 16

definition

Question 17

A BLANK is what’s needed – like, what must be present – in order for a thing to be a thing. In order for X to be X.

Answer 17

necessary condition

Question 18

A BLANK is something that’s enough for X to be X, but it’s not required for that thing to meet that definition.

Answer 18

sufficient condition

Question 19

But 20th-century Austrian-British philosopher BLANK said this rigid concept of definitions doesn’t actually work. He pointed out that we learn and know the meaning of words by hearing the way other members of our linguistic community use them.

Answer 19

Ludwig Wittgenstein

Question 20

So eventually our brains piece together what’s common between them in a recognition that Wittgenstein called BLANK.

Answer 20

family resemblance

Question 21

Rather than rigid definitions, Wittgenstein said word meanings are so-called BLANK.

Answer 21

cluster concepts

Question 22

So language, Wittgenstein said, can’t refer directly to an internal state Instead, it can only refer to the aspect of it that’s BLANK by other people.

Answer 22

publicly observable

Question 23

BLANK- which is what the speaker intends when using a word.

Answer 23

Speaker meaning

Question 24

BLANK- which is what the audience understands.

Answer 24

Audience meaning

Question 25

The reason that sentence is so confusing is that we understand most language by BLANK.

Answer 25

context

Question 26

And the result is often BLANK – when a statement has more than one plausible interpretation.

Answer 26

ambiguous

Question 27

Philosophers often rely on what’s known as the BLANK- This is the difference between talking about a word, and talking with the word.

Answer 27

Use/Mention Distinction-

Question 28

BLANK- is consists of words that are directed at a member of a group. And they’re used specifically because of that person’s membership in that group.

Answer 28

Hate speech

Question 29

BLANK are scatological, blue, coarse. They refer to things like body parts, bodily functions, and sexual acts.

Answer 29

Dirty words

Question 30

BLANK- words or ideas that come pre-loaded not just with descriptive meaning, but also with evaluative content. For instance, “murder” is a thick concept that contains a description – it means to kill someone. But it also contains evaluation – murder is unjustified killing.

Answer 30

Thick concepts

Question 31

BLANK are words that are meant to incite violence. And since the point of protecting speech is to promote open communication, Lawrence says, words that are designed to replace communication with violence and fear don’t deserve constitutional protection.

Answer 31

Fighting words