Language Flashcards
BLANK - the belief that some human actions are freely chosen.
Libertarian free will
BLANK- the belief that all events are caused by past events such that nothing other than what does occur could occur.
Hard determinism
BLANK- This principle says that an action is free only if the agent – that is, the person doing the thing – could have done otherwise.
Principle of Alternate Possibilities
BLANK- means that no physical event can occur without having been caused by a previous physical event.
Event causation
BLANK, which says that an agent – a being propelled by a mind – can start a whole chain of causality that wasn’t caused by anything else.
Agent causation
18th-century French philosopher BLANK said that none of our actions are actually free. HE believed that everything that’s happening right now is the result of an unbroken chain of events.
Baron D’Holbach
BLANK- view that all parts of the world, and of our own experience, can be traced back – or reduced down – to one singular thing.
Reductionism
All you have to do is change one factor – BLANK AND BLANK – and you’ll get a different outcome.
a belief, desire, or temperament
BLANK- says that everything is actually determined, but we can still call an action free when the determination comes from within ourselves.
Soft Determinism
It’s like the difference between someone being pushed off a diving board, as opposed to jumping. The result is the same – you end up in the water – but it does look like the cause is different.
YES
In some cases, be morally responsible for things he does, even when he couldn’t have done otherwise. We call these situations BLANK.
Frankfurt Cases
BLANKis one of our most nuanced and powerful tools.
Language
Early 20th century German philosopher BLANK helped parse out this difference by drawing a distinction between what he called sense, and reference.
Gottlab Frege
The BLANK of a word is the object or concept that it’s meant to designate.
reference +
BLANK, on the other hand, is the way in which the words tie us to the object or concept.
Sense
A BLANK is traditionally understood as whatever meets the conditions for both necessity and sufficiency.
definition
A BLANK is what’s needed – like, what must be present – in order for a thing to be a thing. In order for X to be X.
necessary condition
A BLANK is something that’s enough for X to be X, but it’s not required for that thing to meet that definition.
sufficient condition
But 20th-century Austrian-British philosopher BLANK said this rigid concept of definitions doesn’t actually work. He pointed out that we learn and know the meaning of words by hearing the way other members of our linguistic community use them.
Ludwig Wittgenstein
So eventually our brains piece together what’s common between them in a recognition that Wittgenstein called BLANK.
family resemblance
Rather than rigid definitions, Wittgenstein said word meanings are so-called BLANK.
cluster concepts
So language, Wittgenstein said, can’t refer directly to an internal state Instead, it can only refer to the aspect of it that’s BLANK by other people.
publicly observable
BLANK- which is what the speaker intends when using a word.
Speaker meaning
BLANK- which is what the audience understands.
Audience meaning
The reason that sentence is so confusing is that we understand most language by BLANK.
context
And the result is often BLANK – when a statement has more than one plausible interpretation.
ambiguous
Philosophers often rely on what’s known as the BLANK- This is the difference between talking about a word, and talking with the word.
Use/Mention Distinction-
BLANK- is consists of words that are directed at a member of a group. And they’re used specifically because of that person’s membership in that group.
Hate speech
BLANK are scatological, blue, coarse. They refer to things like body parts, bodily functions, and sexual acts.
Dirty words
BLANK- words or ideas that come pre-loaded not just with descriptive meaning, but also with evaluative content. For instance, “murder” is a thick concept that contains a description – it means to kill someone. But it also contains evaluation – murder is unjustified killing.
Thick concepts
BLANK are words that are meant to incite violence. And since the point of protecting speech is to promote open communication, Lawrence says, words that are designed to replace communication with violence and fear don’t deserve constitutional protection.
Fighting words
