Ethics Flashcards
BLANK, which studies the very foundations of morality itself.
Metaethics
BLANK- the belief that there are moral facts, in the same way that there are scientific facts.
In this view, any moral proposition can only be true, or false. Murder is Morally Wrong
Moral Realism
BLANK- This is the belief that moral propositions don’t refer to objective features of the world at all – that there are no moral facts. There are no moral facts, only moral attitudes.
Moral Antirealism
The BLANK is the search for a foundation for our moral beliefs, something solid that would make them true in a way that is clear, objective, and unmoving.
The grounding problem of ethics
BLANK- there are absolute standards against which moral questions can be judged.
Moral Absolutism
BLANK- more than one moral position on a given topic can be correct.
Moral Relativism
Moral Relativism: BLANK : descriptive cultural relativism- people’s moral beliefs differ from culture to culture. Like, some cultures believe that capital punishment is morally right, and other cultures believe it’s morally wrong – that killing another human is inherently unethical.
Descriptive Cultural relativism
BLANK it’s not your beliefs but moral facts themselves differ from culture to culture. So in this view, capital punishment is morally correct in some cultures and is morally wrong in others.
Normative cultural relativism
BLANK. This view says that moral statements can be true and false – right or wrong – but they refer only to people’s attitudes, rather than their actions.
Moral Subjectivism
These moral frameworks are known as BLANK. They’re moral foundations that help you come up with consistent answers about right and wrong conduct.
ethical theories
BLANK- relies on the starting assumption that God created the universe according to a well-ordered plan.
Natural law theory
BLANK- relies on the starting assumption that all beings share a common desire to seek pleasure and avoid pain.
Utilitarianism
BLANK, which are the building blocks that make up the theories. And these principles can be shared between more than one theory.
Moral Principles
BLANK- the belief that what’s moral, and what’s immoral is commanded by the divine.
Divine Command Theory
The Euthypro problem BLANK.
- Are right actions right because God commands them? 2. Are actions commanded by God because they are right?
Philosophers have actually likened a dilemma to holding an angry bull by the BLANK– so the two unpleasant options are known as BLANK.
horns
So, in this view, God makes goodness. And by extension, this suggests that anything God commands is right. If God determines the rightness and wrongness of everything, just by saying so, then the entire concept of goodness and value becomes vacuous.
YES
So, Aquinas’ theorized that God made us pre-loaded with the tools we need to know what’s Good. This idea became known as the BLANK
natural law theory
BLANK- In fact, the theory of natural law is based on the idea that God wants us to want things – specifically, good things.
Natural Law
The 7 basic goods BLANK
life the production educate one’s offspring seek God live in society avoid offense Shun ignorance
Hume said it’s fallacious to assume that just because something is a certain way, that means that it ought to be that way. But that’s basically what natural law theory does all day long.
OKAYY
Like, if your desire is to get money, then you ought to get a job. If your desire is get an A in class, then you ought to study. Kant called these BLANK
if-then statements hypothetical imperatives.
But Kant viewed morality not in terms of hypothetical imperatives, but through what he called BLANK - These are commands you must follow, regardless of your desires.
categorical imperatives
Kant said the categorical imperative can be understood in terms of various formulations. And he came up with BLANK of the categorical imperative.
four formulations
Formulation 1: The universality principle: only according to that maxim which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law without contradiction.
YES
So, as a Kantian, before I act, I would ask myself, what’s the maxim of my action? In other words, what’s the general rule that stands behind the particular action I’m considering?
YES
Formulation 2: ask so that you treat humanity whether in your own person or in that of another always as an end and never was a mere means.
YES
