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BIO234_Animal Conservation and Welfare > Landscape-scale Conservation > Flashcards

Landscape-scale Conservation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the public more familiar with?

A

species-level conservation

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2
Q

Conserving what can protect more biodiversity?

A

entire communities or ecosystems - greater success and lower cost

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3
Q

What is a protected area? (primary tool)

A

clearly defined geographical space, dedicated and managed to achieve L-T conservation of nature & associated ecosystem services

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4
Q

Examples of protected areas (primary tool)

A
  • not new
    e.g.
  • scared fengshui forests established (960-1279 CE) in China
  • Bogd Khan Mountain nature reserve in Mongolia (1783)
  • Yellowstone in the USA (1872)
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5
Q

Why were protected areas started?

A

religious value or scenic beauty

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6
Q

What are protected areas used for now?

A

conservation

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7
Q

What are the 6 different types of protected areas and their level of protection

A

World Commission on Protected Areas (part of IUCN) is responsible for classification
1. Strict nature reserves & wilderness areas
2. National park
3. Natural monument or feature
4. Habitat/species management area
5. Protected landscape/seascape
6. Protected areas with sustainable use of resources

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8
Q

What type of protected area is the majority of protected areas?

A

IUCN Category 5 ‘landscape’ designations

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9
Q

What percent of the UK is effectively protected for nature?

A

5%

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10
Q

Are protected areas monitored well?

A

condition monitoring is inconsistent/lacking

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11
Q

What must future targets emphasise in protected areas?

A

quality as well as quantity

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12
Q

What are the global legislations related to protected areas?

A
  • United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 2010 Strategic Plan for Biodiversity
  • 20 Aichi Biodiversity Targets
  • Target 11: project
    • 10% marine area
    • 17% terrestrial area
  • Achieved:
    • 8% marine area
    • 15% terrestrial area
  • not one single Aichi target was fully met - progress was made
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13
Q

Where should protected areas be?

A

Biodiversity hotspots - high biodiversity & under threat
e.g. Birdlife International identified 15,000 important bird areas (IBAs) covering 7% land surface
Cost of conservation = $1 B per year

Biome/ecoregion perspective
- WWF identified 867 terrestrial ecoregions
- target those w/ high species richness, endemism & rarity
- Dinerstein et al. (2017) measured protection for each ecoregion
- difficult - country boundaries important

Ecosystem services - rarely used but has potential
- aim for areas w/ high biodiversity and preserve ecosystem services
- might not match well
- mammal and bird diversity don’t match ecosystem services well in China, but amphibians and reptile diversity does

Cultural Importance - e.g. UNESCO Biosphere Reserves & World Heritage Sites
- e.g. 8000 km2 Dja Biosphere Reserve in Congo basin - 4000 indigenous occupants hunt using traditional methods, but no commercial hunting allowed
- e.g. Galapagos Islands - 97% land is protected - 3% = used for human habitation
- need well maintained to keep status e.g. Great Barrier Reef may be downgraded to ‘in danger’

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14
Q

What are the desirable properties of individual protected areas? (protected areas - design)

A
  • larger
  • high interior:edge ratio
  • unique community or ecosystem
  • facing immediate threat
  • ecosystem completely protected
  • buffer zones present
  • coupled natural human systems
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15
Q

What are the desirable properties of protected area networks? (protected areas - design)

A
  • more
  • closer
  • joined by corridors or stepping stones
  • more habitat types
  • areas managed collectively
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16
Q

Behavioural consideration
Differing barriers and corridors

A

differ between species
e.g. small mammals don’t use same type of road crossing points as large mammals e.g. bears (often too open)

17
Q

Behavioural considerations
Animal state

A

e.g. those in poor conditions/diseased or at particular ages/sexes may be more or less likely to move or approach human features

18
Q

Behavioural considerations
Ecological traps

A

more flexible animals = more likely to suffer mortality via ecological traps
e.g. coyotes that are more diurnal and more willing to cross roads are more likely to be involved in accidents

ecological traps = rapid environmental change leads to organisms to prefer poor quality environments

19
Q

How well do protected areas work?

A
  • reduce habitat loss
  • increase species richness & abundance
  • marine protected areas have similar benefits
  • benefit people through tourism, jobs, healthy/wellbeing etc
  • e.g. USA protected areas
    • 250 million visitors PA
    • generate $1 trillion PA
    • protect 9 million jobs
  • Protected Area -> more tourism -> more income and better health
    more income -> increased wealth and better health
  • protected area -> improved ecosystem condition -> more income and better health
    more income -> increased wealth and better health
20
Q

What must be insured for indigenous communities?

A

they aren’t evicted from their lands

21
Q

When do conditions improve for protected areas?

A

when local people are close to protected areas that allows them to use it

22
Q

What do protected areas need?

A
  • adequate infrastructure/facilities & administration
  • protection activities & law enforcement
  • communication & community involvement
  • monitoring & research
23
Q

What land is good at preventing deforestation?

A

indigenous lands seem to be particularly good at preventing deforestation

24
Q

Strict protection

A

= not much better than allowing sustainable use

25
Q

Development

A

= not always at odds w/ biodiversity conservation

26
Q

What is sustainable development?

A

“Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”

  • social
  • environmental
  • economic
27
Q

Sustainable development: International
United Nations (UN)

A

Earth Summit (Brazil, 1992)
- need to protect environment and alleviate poverty

28
Q

Sustainable development: International
What are the three legally binding agreements resulting from United Nations (UN) and Earth Summit (Brazil, 1992)?

A
  1. Conservation on Biological diversity - includes Aichi biodiversity targets
  2. UN framework convention to climate change - e.g. Led to 2015 Paris agreement to limit warming to well under 2°C
  3. Convention to combat desertification
29
Q

Sustainable development: International
World Bank (est 1944)

A
  • funds large scale development projects (rarely direct conservation)
  • recipients of funds must comply w/ certain environmental and social standards
  • interest free or low interest loans
  • raises money from financial markets & governments
30
Q

Sustainable development: International
Global Environment Facility (resulting from 1992 Earth Summit)

A
  • International partnership of countries, international institutions & private sector
  • funds protected areas, emissions reductions, protecting water resources etc
31
Q

Sustainable development: Governmental

A
  • Individual Governments also fund sustainable development initiatives
  • UK aid budget cut by 1/3rd in 2020
  • £25-£30 billion drop in UK development spend over the next 5 years
32
Q

Sustainable development: NGOs

A

Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs)
- non-profit; mission-driven; less bureaucratic + more nimble than governments or UN
- funding from donations, membership, sponsorship and grants

e.g.
- World Wildlife Fund
- The Nature Conservancy
- Conservation International
- The Wildlife Conservation Society
- Birdlife International

33
Q

Sustainable development: Business

A

Social enterprise & green entrepreneurship - applying commercial strategies to maximise improvements in financial, social and environmental well-being
- e.g. SuperBox - meal body delivery
- workforce redirected from catering industry during Covid
- largely Welsh produce
- little/no plastic
- no food waste
- organic & high animal welfare
- 50% vegan & vegetarian meals

34
Q

Ecotourism

A

responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the wellbeing of local people

e.g. Costa Rica
- 0.03% Earth’s land surface, 5% Global biodiversity
- previous extensive deforestation & debt
- investments in conservation & ecotourism
- in 2017, 2.3 million tourists & 12.9% GDP
- supports 1 in 8 jobs

BIO234_Animal Conservation and Welfare (17 decks)

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