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BIO234_Animal Conservation and Welfare > Assessment of animal welfare > Flashcards

Assessment of animal welfare Flashcards

1
Q

5 domains model

A

Physical/functional domains
1. nutrition - water deprivation, food deprivation, malnutrition
2. environment - physical and atmospheric challenge
3. Health - disease, injury and functional impairment
4. Behaviour - behavioural and/or interactive movement restrictions

1,2,3,4 -> 5. mental domain - thirst, hunger, anxiety, fear, pain, distress

  1. -> welfare state
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2
Q

what can assess animal welfare?

A
  • health & disease
  • behaviour
  • physiology
  • preference & motivation
  • practical strategies
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3
Q

What can increase risk of disease?

A

poor conditions -> greater risk of disease

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4
Q

what do diseases that are common to humans and animals share?
How do we know?

A

share clinical and pathological responses -> behavioural and clinical observations, knowledge of its biology and our own experiences

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5
Q

What can illness be accompanied by?

A

inappetence, thirst, fever, nausea, fatigue, fear and distress

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6
Q

what may physical impairments due to disease include?
What do physical impairments make animals susceptible to?

A

e.g. reduced mobility, reduced function of body systems
susceptible to other welfare issues

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7
Q

Infectious diseases

A

viral, bacterial or parasitic

important cause of suffering; some only exert effects when pathogen interacts with predisposing factors such as genetics, age, nutrition, environment or management

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8
Q

Genetic selection -> (health & disease)

A

-> conformation or maximum productivity (e.g. milk output, growth or egg number) can have lethal effects

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9
Q

What can keeping large numbers of animals require?

A

requires attention to disease control, a health plan, record keeping, biosecurity, appropriate preventive measures (e.g. vaccination, prophylactic medicines, parasiticides, appropriate diet and environment)

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10
Q

What is required to see signs of ill health?

A

professional competence, regular inspection and careful observation

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11
Q

How should ill or injured animals be cared for?

A

cared for appropriately w/o delay

veterinary advice for diagnosis, prognosis, treatment and/or other measures to reduce suffering and prevent disease in other animals

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12
Q

What is behaviour a guide to?

A

to animal health & welfare

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13
Q

what does behaviour play a key role in?

A

the study of animal welfare (relatively easy to observe; bridge between clinical health & animal welfare)

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14
Q

How is behaviour related to animal health & welfare?

A

observation of natural behaviour / comparisons of free-living and captive animals

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15
Q

what is an ethogram?

A

= a catalogue of behaviours

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16
Q

What foes variation in behaviour under different circumstances imply?

A

does not necessarily imply good/bad welfare

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17
Q

What may changes in/suppression of behaviour provide cues for?

A

may provide cues about welfare

18
Q

What does behaviour indicators imply?

A

affective states
(negative: fear, pain; positive: pleasure, happiness)

19
Q

What is the problem with assuming what behaviour indicators mean?

A

cognitive biases

20
Q

Abnormal behaviour

A
  • captive animals may perform behaviour / sequences of behaviour that differ from behaviour of free-living animals (e.g. the form, intensity, or orientation of behaviour)
  • commonly termed ‘abnormal behaviour’, but adaptive significance and implications for welfare are often controversial (abnormal is not necessarily pathological)
  • stereotypic behaviour -> associated with signs of poor welfare
  • individual differences -> those with high levels of stereotypic behaviour appear to cope better with poor conditions
  • stereotypic behaviour of some individuals can cause poor welfare in others (e.g. feather pecking, tail biting, over-grooming)
21
Q

Automated behavioural assessment

A
  • accelerometers
  • Global Positioning System (GPS)
  • Motion sensors
  • Infrared thermography (IFT)
  • Sound & image analysis
  • etc.
22
Q

what is a stressor? (physiology - stress)

A

a disruptor of homeostasis, i.e. a chemical or biological agent, environmental condition, external stimulus or an event that causes a stress response

23
Q

what is homeostasis? (physiology - stress)

A

a suite of physiological and behavioural responses that help to re-establish

a process that maintains the stability of an animal body’s internal environment in response to changes in external conditions

24
Q

What is the stress response?

A

the stress response is adaptive and non-specific

25
Q

Physiological indicators of stress

A
  • hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity
  • Sympatho-adrenal system
  • Heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV)
  • Brain activity
  • stress-induced hyperthermia (SIH)
  • reproduction
  • production performance
26
Q

Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity (Physiological indicators of stress)

A

e.g. glucocorticoids (ACTH, CRF); standard measure of animal responses to physiological, physical, and psychological challenges

27
Q

Sympatho-adrenal system (Physiological indicators of stress)

A

adrenaline and noradrenaline

28
Q

Heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV)

A

affected by a number of factors

29
Q

Brain activity

A

e.g. serotonin, dopamine, opioids; invasive techniques, restraint

30
Q

Stress-induced hyperthermia (SIH)

A

short-lived increase in core temperature

31
Q

reproduction

A

essential part of production performance; e.g. LH, FSH, prolactin, progesterone

32
Q

Production performance

A

e.g. body mass/condition, growth rate

33
Q

Acute effects of the stress response (Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis) (physiology)

A
  • increased immediate availability of energy (glucose)
  • increased oxygen intake
  • decreased blood flow to areas not necessary for movement
  • blood flow rerouted to muscles
  • inhibition of digestion, growth, immune function, reproduction, and pain perception
  • enhancement of memory and sensory function
34
Q

Physiology - chronic stress affects

A

brain
- dendritic atrophy
- impaired neuro-genesis and synaptic plasticity
- enhance benzodiazepine tone

immune system
- basal immuno-suppression and decreased immune responsiveness to challenge

heart
- basal hypertension
- sluggish response to and recovery from stress
- pathogenic cholesterol profile

adrenal gland
- elevated basal levels of glucocorticoids
- sluggish response to and recovery from stress
- feedback resistance

ovary
- decreased levels of gonadal hormones
- increased risk of anovulation and miscarriage

testis
- testicular atrophy
- decreased levels of hormones of the gonadal axis

35
Q

Preference & motivation

A
  • research on animals’ preferences commonly used as a tool in study of animal welfare -> animal-centred approach
  • assumption - animals make choices that in own best interest, and allowing animals to live as they prefer will ensure a high level of animal welfare

Under what conditions are the choices made by an animal reliable indicators of welfare? How can we best incorporate animals’ preferences into housing and management systems?

36
Q

Investigation of animals
- preferences
- motivations
- aversions

A

preferences - temperature, illumination, social contact, bedding, flooring, shade, etc

motivations - motivation to swim, exercise, rest, use nest boxes, dust bathe, etc.

aversions - noise, vibration, heat, polluted air, rough handling, gases for euthanasia, etc.

not simple -> influences of familiarity, information gathering, learning and other factors
Welfare benefits by housing animals in situations that they prefer and that
accommodate behaviour they are motivated to perform, and by situations where
they can express individual preferences for physical or social environments

37
Q

what has most work focused on? (practical strategies)

A

on resource-based measures (RBMs), i.e. what and how much of different resources (e.g. food, water, space, care) are given to animals, which may be a poor guarantee of good welfare

38
Q

What has been more recently used in work?

A

increase in outcome-based measures (OBMs), e.g. behaviour or physical condition -> better indicators of welfare

39
Q

Welfare assessment based on ? and supported by?

A

based on OBMs, supported by RBMs

40
Q

Applying on OBM (practical strategies)

A
  • step 1: measure (a standardised description is needed)
  • step 2: analyse risk factors (practical application, RBMs)
  • step 3: inform
  • step 4: support management decisions to create improvements in welfare
41
Q

Example of applying an OBM (practical strategies)

A

step 1: measure
- faecal glucocorticoids (fGCs)
- keeper surveys
- enclosure characteristics & contact with keeper

step 2: analyse risk factors
- positive correlation between fGCs and fur plucking
- lower fGCs with higher enclosure and more contact with keeper; higher fGCs when predators visible
- follow-up experiment/addition of hiding spaces -> reduction in fGCs

step 3: inform & step 4: support management decisions to create improvements in welfare
- conferences & publications
- Species Survival Plan (SSP) -> integration of new management information into current husbandry manuals (enclosure height)

BIO234_Animal Conservation and Welfare (17 decks)

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