Land and Water, River Evolution

Question 1

River behaviour

Answer 1

Adjustments around mean condition (in regime)

Question 2

River change

Answer 2

Transition from one regime to another

Question 3

Davidsian Cycle

Answer 3

Phases from youth to old age with distinct characteristics

Question 4

How do New Zealand and Australian landscapes differ from each other?

Answer 4

New Zealand: Youg and dynnamic
Australia: Old and tired

Question 5

What type of memory is embedded in landscapes?

Answer 5

Geologic and climatic memory are embedded in landscapes, leaving both legacy effects and lag effects

Question 6

How have humans altered the changing nature of rivers?

Answer 6

Change is natural. All that humans have done is created an additional layer of complexity

Question 7

What are the two types of human changes?

Answer 7

1. Direct human impact
2. Indirect human disturbance

Question 8

What are two examples of direct human impact?

Answer 8

1. Dams
2. Urban streams

Question 9

What are three exmaples of indirect human disturbance?

Answer 9

1. Change to ground cover (forestry, etc)
2. Mining or gully development
3. Downstream impact/lag effects

Question 10

What are the three aspects of human-environmental response and consequence?

Answer 10

1. Environmental setting
2. Land use change
3. Geomorphic response

Question 11

Riparian vegetation

Answer 11

Fuana along the water margins and banks of a river

Question 12

Landscape connectivity

Answer 12

Change to one component of the system will affect the entire system at varying rates and scales

Question 13

What are the three types of landscape connectivity?

Answer 13

1. Longitudinal
2. Lateral
3. Vertical

Question 14

Longitudinal connectivity

Answer 14

Upstream-down stream relationships. Dams are a prime example as they cause hungry water

Question 15

Lateral connectivity

Answer 15

Hillslope-channel connectivity
Channel-floodplain connectivity

Question 16

Vertical connectivity

Answer 16

Surface-subsurface linkages

Question 17

What are the two types of landscapes?

Answer 17

1. Connected landscape
2. Disconnected landscape

Question 18

Connected landscape

Answer 18

Direct sediment delivery from the hillslopes to the river channel

Question 19

Disconnected landscapes

Answer 19

Sediment is not directly delivered to the channel, causing sediment to accumulate as fans on-slope or at the base of slopes

Question 20

How does landscape connectivity differ between New Zealand and Australia?

Answer 20

New Zealand: Highly connected, sediment directly delivered to coast, high movement

Australia: Highly disconnected, flat/low relief, dominated by valley floor, slow movement

Question 21

Why is landscape connectivty significant?

Answer 21

Landscape connectivity partly determines the types of fluvial processes that can occur in a given environment. Additionally, it also influences the rate of these processes