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GEOG 101 > Land and Water, Hillslopes, Weathering, and Soils > Flashcards

Land and Water, Hillslopes, Weathering, and Soils Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two types of hillslopes?

A
  1. Limited (bedrock) hillsopes
  2. Transport-limited (soil mantled) hillslopes
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2
Q

What are the four features of limited (bedrock) hillslopes?

A
  1. Soil production < erosion
  2. Steep slopes
  3. Thin to absent soil mantle due to slow rates of soil production
  4. Common in arid cimates
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3
Q

What are the four features of transport-limited (soil mantled) hillslopes?

A
  1. Soil production ≥ erosion
  2. Gentle slopes
  3. Thick surface mantle. Surficial layer of soil covers bedrock
  4. Common in humid climates
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4
Q

How do humid hillslope profiles evolve?

A

In humid climates, the slope declines, forming a profile that is not parallel with the oldest profile

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5
Q

How do arid hillslope profiles evolve?

A

In arid climates, the slope retreats parallel to the oldest profile

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6
Q

What are the three hillslope-forming mechanisms?

A
  1. Flow (wet)
  2. Slide (dry)
  3. Heave (moist)
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7
Q

What are three example of flow in regards to hillslope forming mechanisms?

A
  1. River
  2. Mud flow
  3. Earthflow
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8
Q

What are two example of slide in regards to hillslope forming mechanisms?

A
  1. Rockslide
  2. Landslide
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9
Q

What are two example of heave in regards to hillslope forming mechanisms?

A
  1. Seasonal soil creep
  2. Soilflucation
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10
Q

Soil creep

A

The slow movement of soil on a slope due to gravity

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11
Q

What is the difference between weathering and erosion?

A

Weathering: The alterantion or breakdown of material at or near the Earth’s surface

Erosion: The displacement and/or further breakdown of material away from its original location. Always occurs after weathering

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12
Q

What are the three types of weathering?

A
  1. Physical
  2. Chemical
  3. Biological/biochemical
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13
Q

What are the three types of physical weathering?

A
  1. Exfoliation
  2. Freeze/thaw
  3. Salt and hydration/dessication
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14
Q

Exfoliation

A

As rock is uncovered/rises to the surface, pressure decreases, causing the rock to expand and peel off as sheets

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15
Q

Freeze/thaw

A

Water seeps into cracks within rocks which, once frozen, expands to further fracture the rock

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16
Q

Salt and hydration/dessication

A

Similar to freeze/thaw, salt precipitates in voids expand through wetting and drying, further fracturing rock.

This process creates characteristics pits on the surface

17
Q

What are the two types of chemical weathering?

A
  1. Dissolution
  2. Acid reactions
18
Q

Dissolution

A

The removal of soluble materials by dissolving in water. This includes many organic compounds which slowly break down rocks

19
Q

Acid reactions

A

The combination of water and carbon dioxide which creates carbonic acid. This increases water acidiity which further aids in the weathering of rocks and subsequently the production of acids

20
Q

What are the three types of biological/biochemical weathering?

A
  1. Physical stress (root growth expanding and weakening zones)
  2. The manufacturing of litter and humic acids
  3. Bioturbation (the biogenic transport or breakdown of rock)
21
Q

Where are chemical and mechanical weathering most effective?

A

Chemical weathering: Humid climates
Mechanical weathering: Cold climates where there are frequent freeze/thaw cycles

22
Q

What four other factors control weathering?

A
  1. Vegetation
  2. Topography
  3. Parent material
  4. Time
23
Q

Soil

A

Solid earth material that has been physically, chemically, and biologically altered in ways that enhance its life-supporting properties

24
Q

How do connectivty relationships differ between New Zealand and Australia?

A

New Zealand: Experiences rapid convergence of sediment and is hillslope dominated

Australia: Experiences limited/slow convergence of sediment. It is valley floor dominated so tributaries are disconnected from the trunk stream

GEOG 101 (28 decks)

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