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Equine Rotation Examination > Lameness, Laminitis, and Horse feet and some extra notes > Flashcards

Lameness, Laminitis, and Horse feet and some extra notes Flashcards

1
Q

What regional blocks are at risk for synovia?

A

Low 4, Low 6, high 2 (which is the lateral and medial palmar nerve) prox. suspensory, tibial nerve near tarsal sheath

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2
Q

When it comes to HL, we go straight to the ____ point nerve block

A

low 6 point nerve block

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3
Q

What are roping horses predisp. to as far as lameness?

A

Roping horse injuries (run fast and stop hard)- Navicular dz, hock DJD, tendon injuries, P2/P3 Fx, suspensory desmitis

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4
Q

What nerve block blocks the both sides of the DDFT proximal to the collateral cartilage P3, and palmar 1/3 foot?

A

Palmar/Plantar digital NB (PDNB)

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5
Q

What block blocks the medial and lateral palmar nerves between the suspensory and flexor tendons, fetlock down, and medial and lateral palmar metacarpal nerves at the splint bones?

A

Low palmar nerve block (Low 4 point block)

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6
Q

Low 6 point nerve block blocks what???

A

rear limb only— like low 4-point with addition of dorsal metatarsal on both sides extensor tendon, test dorsal/plantar proximal fetlock

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7
Q

What block blocks the cranial hock?

A

Peroneal nerve block

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8
Q

What block blocks the caudal hock down and given med/lat under the gastroc tendon?

A

Tibial nerve block

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9
Q

What nerve block do you NOT use bupivacaine with?

A

Tibial nerve block

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10
Q

What is a subsolar abscess?

A

infection of corium of sole that causes separation of cornified and noncornified tissue

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11
Q

What is the cause of a subsolar abscess?

A

migration of foreign material/bacteria due to poor hoof maintenance/dry to wet conditions/white line disease/laminitis/punctures

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12
Q

What are the CS of subsolar abscesses?

A

mild-severe pain, strong digital pulse in specific limb, hoof testers. Dx = undermining tissue, draining tracts, rads showing separation

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13
Q

How should we tx subsolar abscesses?

A

shoe off please–clean it up but not to the corium– soak in Epsom salt warm water and bandage with antiseptic dressing (furacin & betadine) for 1st 3-5 days and then clean/dry bandage for next 3-5 days– shoes and pad that packed with pine tar/oakum/silicone, keep them dry/clean, tetanus vax needed, pain control

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14
Q

What are some sequalae for deep puncture wounds?

A

osteomyelitis/Fx/cellulitis/septic synovia/septic arthritis

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15
Q

When are rads important to determine involvement of hoof wall avulsions?

A

Coronary band involvement- hoof healing will be altered

tx with removing necrotic tissue, long term abx, bandage, egg shoe

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16
Q

Acute vs chronic laminitis:

A

Acute- onset of lameness to when lamina degradation stabilized, see laminitic stance, short and stilted gait, digital pulses, pain at toe with hoof testers, depressed skin –sunken P3, radiographs a must

Chronic-prone to recurrent laminitis, should see lamellar wedge on rads (seen w rotation of P3 which is the space of the lamina stretching to fill space where P3 normally was) if severe enough, may be prone to hoof abscess, will grow abnormal hoof (divergent rings and rings wider at heel than toe), radiographic changes apparent of P3 (ski slope- where tip of P3 is rotated to the corium for long period of time and flattens from weight bearing)

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17
Q

Tx of more acute laminitis-

A

Heparin, Aspirin, NSAIDs, remove toe, frog support, reduce carbs, ice boots

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18
Q

What is the prognosis for laminitis with LESS than 5.5 degree rotation? What about 12 degree rotation or more?

A

<5.5 degree rotation should return athletic function, 12 degree rotation or more have hard road, and distal displacement very guarded

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19
Q

Where do hoof wall avulsions being?

A

begins at the ground or coronary band

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20
Q

What is developmental laminitis?

A

Period between initiation of mechanisms leading to injury and clinical signs
Not easily recognized by owners
Clinical signs reflect primary disease process (no lameness present), digital pulses and limb temp variable

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21
Q

What is prognosis for distal displacement with or without rotation?

A

Extremellyyyyy guarded

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22
Q

cranial cruciate ruptures are most common in what discipline?

A

Cutting horses

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23
Q

Hoof testing-

A

Go across NB to elicit pain
apply enough pressure to make sure the sole flexes
across heels
go at each frog sulcus

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24
Q

More wobble in what region when lame in HL?

A

tuber coxae

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25
Q

Fetlock flexion is ___ seconds

A

30 s

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26
Q

Carpal flexion is ___ seconds

Cannon bone flat against the radius

A

90 s

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27
Q

Elbow flexion ____ seconds

pull and compress elbow

A

60 seconds

not very common bc elbow issues are not common

28
Q

Shoulder flexion is ___ seconds

A

30 s

29
Q

does stifle flexion flex the hock?

A

nope; mainly stifle and some of the hip slightly

grab hock and use arm as hammock for hock to stay in and pull slightly back away from horse

30
Q

What flexion flexes the whole app?

A

Spavin/hock flexion

31
Q

T/F as nerve/anatomic region is larger (more proximally up the limbs) the drug used to block takes more quantity and time to work

A

True

32
Q

Flexion tests FL

A

Hold fetlock for 30 sec- then trot
Hold carpus flexed for 90 sec- then trot
Hold elbow for 60 sec- then trot
Hold shoulder for 30 sec- then trot

33
Q

What is the component of examination that can help diff. a lameness due to subsolar abscess from fracture?

A

hoof testers

34
Q

Which theory of laminitis proposes that the disease is caused by dysfunction of the digital vasculature that may be primary or secondary to endotoxemia?

A

vascular

35
Q

Which theory of laminitis hypothesizes that inflammation agents affect the metabolic processes of epidermal cells or the laminar epithelium basement membranes?

A

enzymatic

36
Q

Palmar digital nerve block and neurectomy can be effective at tx ______

A

Navicular disease

37
Q

What are the 2 main predilection sites for osteochondrosis in the stifle?

A

Lateral trochlear ridge of the femur, medial femoral condyle

38
Q

Abdominocentesis notes-How To Perform:

A

clip hair on right of midline, ventral abd, 10cm x 10cm, aseptic prep, R of midline to avoid the spleen. Make bleb subQ with 2% Lidocaine
Use 15 scalpel blade to make stab incision and then follow with a teat cannula or “bitch catheter”, you will feel a pop once through the peritoneum. Use EDTA tube to collect the sample

39
Q

What are the possible complications of abdominocentesis?

A

Hitting guts, hitting spleen, omental hernia (moreso in foals)

40
Q

What is normal fluid analysis for abdominocentesis:

A

<2.5 g/dL protein, 100-300 mL, yellow and transparent, <10,000/uL nucleated cells

41
Q

Abdominocentesis for cytology vs. culture- what tubes do you use?

A

Culture- red top

cytology- purple top (EDTA)

42
Q

Two pops felt when doing abdominocentesis- what anatomical locations???

A

First pop is rectus abdominus and second pop is peritoneum

43
Q

What percentage of blood can be drawn from a horse/lost before it dies?

A

20-25%–> 15L in a 1,000 lb horse.

44
Q

What are the 4 potential sites causing a fever in horses post sx?

A

IVC site, GI, resp. system, incision site

45
Q

saline is acidic or alkaline? What can it induce?

A

acidic; can induce hyperchloremic state- metabolic acidosis

46
Q

When should we completely avoid hypertonic saline?

A

In a p that is hyperchloremic or hypernatremic

47
Q

Should we use systemic abx for hoof abscesses? IN what case would you?

A

NO; only if cellulitis in the pastern proximal to the abscess

48
Q

What is “seedy toe”?

A

A weak white line secondary to laminitis

Basically white line is weak bc of laminitis and causes abscesses

49
Q

White line is the junction between the __ and __

A

wall and sole

50
Q

Do not penetrate what structure when paring out hoof?

A

corium

51
Q

How should we tx the foot if there is injury/penetration to the DDFT, navicular bursa, or navicular bone???

A

remove 2/3 of the frog to expose the DDFT and excise affected tendon, exposing the NB and curette abn navicular cartilage and bone
Culture and sensitivity, lavage navicular bursa

52
Q

What should we do if there is hoof wall avulsion with coronary band involvement?

A

Remove wall below the band, then suture it
Maintain foot in antiseptic bandage until exposed tissue is cornified
shoe with full bar shoe

53
Q

Hoof growth from the coronary band takes how long?

A

9-12 months

54
Q

Which part of the hoof loses bf first?

A

the toe bc of circumflex arteries

55
Q

A horse has strong digital pulses and warm limb but is not lame, what do you think about this?

A

development laminitis

56
Q

Acute laminitis begins with _____ and ends with ___ _____

A

onset of laminitis; laminar degeneration

57
Q

what flexion tests are held for 30 sec?

A

shoulder and fetlock

58
Q

What flexion tests are held for 60 secs?

A

Elbow and stifle

59
Q

What flexion test is held for 60-90 sec?

A

“Spavin” hock

60
Q

What flexion test is held for 90 sec?

A

carpal flexion

61
Q

What regional anesth (nerve blocks) must be done sterilely?

A

Low 4 point, low 6 point, high 2 point, proximal suspensory block, tibial nerve block (goes into tarsal sheath region)

62
Q

Pathogenesis of laminitis- vascular vs enzymatic causes:

A

o Vascular Hypothesis = digital vasculature dysfunction causing ischemia.
o Enzymatic Hypothesis = metabolism of epidermal cells altered causing cascade of damage.

63
Q

onset of lameness to when lamina degradation stabilized, see laminitic stance, short and stilted gait, digital pulses, pain at toe with hoof testers, depressed skin,sunken P3, radiographs a must= what stage of laminitis?

A

acute stage

64
Q

differential diagnosis for laminitis

A

exertional rhabdomyolysis, pleuritis, subsolar abscess, sole bruise

65
Q

Rotation or sinking is worse for prognosis:

A

sinking

Equine Rotation Examination (8 decks)

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