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Musculoskeletal > LABS AND STUFF > Flashcards

LABS AND STUFF Flashcards

1
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Same side of body

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2
Q

Contralateral

A

Opposing side of body

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3
Q

Opposition

A

Bringing thumb pad across finger pads

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4
Q

Reposition

A

returning thumb in opposition to anatomical position

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5
Q

Dermatome

A

Area of SKIN mainly supplied by cutaneous branches of a single nerve

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6
Q

What are the different spinal NERVES and how many are there?

A 
Cervical (8)
Thoracic (12)
Lumbar (5)
Sacral (5) 
Coccyx (1)
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7
Q

How many spinal VERTEBRAE are there of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions

A

Cervical (7)
Thoracic (12)
Lumbar (5)

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8
Q

Myotome

A

Group of muscles supplied by a single nerve. THe muscle and its neve = myotome. Eg) L4, L5, S1

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9
Q

Myotomes of Knee Flexion?

A

L5 and S1

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10
Q

Myotomes of Ankle dorsifelxion

A

L4 and L5

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11
Q

Myotomes of inversion of the ankle

A

L4

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12
Q

Myotomes of eversion of the ankle

A

L5 and S1

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13
Q

Why does deep fascia need to be unyielding and unflexible

A

to allow for the venous ‘pump system’, which works in par with valves in the veins. As the muscles contract and relax, the compress and decompress the veins of the body, pushing blood from the appendicular skeleton back to the axillary (heart). This is extremely important for distal limbs

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14
Q

Pros of the unyielding deep fascia with its compartments.

A

It contains infection or tumors

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15
Q

Cons of the unyielding deep fascia with its compartments.

A

Pressure (due to leakage or inflammation) can build up extremely quickly, leading to compartment syndrome. This can lead to ischemia.

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16
Q

What are the two subgroups of the skeleton

A

Axial and appendicular

17
Q

Four parts of the upper limb

A

Pectoral girdle (scapula and clavicle)
Arm/Brachium (humerus)
Forearm/Antibrachium (radius and ulnar)
Hand/ manus (carpals, metacarpals, phalanges)

18
Q

Four parts of the lower limb

A

Pelvic Girdle (ilium, ischium, pubis)
Thigh (femur and patella)
Leg (tibia and fibula)
Foot (calcaneous, talus, navicular, cuneiforms, cuboid, metatarsals, phalanges)

19
Q

What is gait?

A

Alterations between loss and recovery of balance

20
Q

Phases of the gait cycle

A

Stance- chosen foot is in contact with the ground (heel strike, foot progression and toe off)
Swing- when that same foot is in the air

21
Q

What are the two usual causes of an altered gait?

A

Neurological or musculoskeletal reasons.

22
Q

Antalgic Gait

A

shortened stance phase on the affected side, usually due to pain (as the patient doesn’t want to put weight/pressure on the sore side).

23
Q

Cerebellar Ataxia

A

A neurological condition. wide stance and slow pace due to loss of balance and coordination

24
Q

High steppage Gait

A

Due to weakness in dorsiflexion, so you have to lift leg higher to compensate for this. High steppage and no heel strike Could be a muscular problem (of ant leg compartment) a neurological or a periphery nerve (eg) Deep peroneal nerve) issue

25
Q

What are the four main tissue types?

A

Epithelium
Nerve
Muscle
Connective Tissue

26
Q

What is a distinguishing feature of CT

A

That it’s properties are dependent on the EXTRACELLULAR materials (unlike Nerve, muscle and epithelium which are dependent of the cytoplasm or cell-membrane)

27
Q

Location of CT

A

Reflects mesenchymal origin. In inside of body.

28
Q

How are CT’s classified

A

via the amounts, types and arrangements of the extracellular materials, which determine the mechanical properties.

29
Q

What is the clinical significance of CT

A

Many chronic diseases, such as arthritis or osteoporosis, are of CTs. This is due to changes on the amounts of extracellular materials.

30
Q

What is the difference between Proteoglycans and Glycoproteins

A

the protein:glycan ratio
PGs = subtype of glycoproteins, have more glycan, are within the extracellular matrix
Glycoproteins = have more protein

31
Q

What is the basic structure of a PG

A

A protein core (single chain of aa) with GAG chains attached. HA is the exception as it doesn’t have a protein core.

32
Q

What makes up a GAG

A

Straight chain Polysaccharide made of repeating disaccharide units.
All have negative charges which help resist compression

33
Q

Common GAGs are

A

Hyaluronan, chondroitin sulphate

34
Q

How are CTs responsive to the mechanical environment

A

They will remodel if the Mechanical environment changes. This means CT classification is not discrete, and there are many ranges of intermediate forms eg) fibrocartilage

35
Q

A high Collagen and low PG means

A

Resistance to tensional forces eg) tendon

36
Q

A high collagen and PG mean

A

Resistance to compressional forces eg) cartilage

Musculoskeletal (22 decks)

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