LABS AND STUFF

Question 1

Ipsilateral

Answer 1

Same side of body

Question 2

Contralateral

Answer 2

Opposing side of body

Question 3

Opposition

Answer 3

Bringing thumb pad across finger pads

Question 4

Reposition

Answer 4

returning thumb in opposition to anatomical position

Question 5

Dermatome

Answer 5

Area of SKIN mainly supplied by cutaneous branches of a single nerve

Question 6

What are the different spinal NERVES and how many are there?

Answer 6

Cervical (8)
Thoracic (12)
Lumbar (5)
Sacral (5) 
Coccyx (1)

Question 7

How many spinal VERTEBRAE are there of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions

Answer 7

Cervical (7)
Thoracic (12)
Lumbar (5)

Question 8

Myotome

Answer 8

Group of muscles supplied by a single nerve. THe muscle and its neve = myotome. Eg) L4, L5, S1

Question 9

Myotomes of Knee Flexion?

Answer 9

L5 and S1

Question 10

Myotomes of Ankle dorsifelxion

Answer 10

L4 and L5

Question 11

Myotomes of inversion of the ankle

Answer 11

L4

Question 12

Myotomes of eversion of the ankle

Answer 12

L5 and S1

Question 13

Why does deep fascia need to be unyielding and unflexible

Answer 13

to allow for the venous ‘pump system’, which works in par with valves in the veins. As the muscles contract and relax, the compress and decompress the veins of the body, pushing blood from the appendicular skeleton back to the axillary (heart). This is extremely important for distal limbs

Question 14

Pros of the unyielding deep fascia with its compartments.

Answer 14

It contains infection or tumors

Question 15

Cons of the unyielding deep fascia with its compartments.

Answer 15

Pressure (due to leakage or inflammation) can build up extremely quickly, leading to compartment syndrome. This can lead to ischemia.

Question 16

What are the two subgroups of the skeleton

Answer 16

Axial and appendicular

Question 17

Four parts of the upper limb

Answer 17

Pectoral girdle (scapula and clavicle)
Arm/Brachium (humerus)
Forearm/Antibrachium (radius and ulnar)
Hand/ manus (carpals, metacarpals, phalanges)

Question 18

Four parts of the lower limb

Answer 18

Pelvic Girdle (ilium, ischium, pubis)
Thigh (femur and patella)
Leg (tibia and fibula)
Foot (calcaneous, talus, navicular, cuneiforms, cuboid, metatarsals, phalanges)

Question 19

What is gait?

Answer 19

Alterations between loss and recovery of balance

Question 20

Phases of the gait cycle

Answer 20

Stance- chosen foot is in contact with the ground (heel strike, foot progression and toe off)
Swing- when that same foot is in the air

Question 21

What are the two usual causes of an altered gait?

Answer 21

Neurological or musculoskeletal reasons.

Question 22

Antalgic Gait

Answer 22

shortened stance phase on the affected side, usually due to pain (as the patient doesn’t want to put weight/pressure on the sore side).

Question 23

Cerebellar Ataxia

Answer 23

A neurological condition. wide stance and slow pace due to loss of balance and coordination

Question 24

High steppage Gait

Answer 24

Due to weakness in dorsiflexion, so you have to lift leg higher to compensate for this. High steppage and no heel strike Could be a muscular problem (of ant leg compartment) a neurological or a periphery nerve (eg) Deep peroneal nerve) issue

Question 25

What are the four main tissue types?

Answer 25

Epithelium Nerve Muscle Connective Tissue

Question 26

What is a distinguishing feature of CT

Answer 26

That it's properties are dependent on the EXTRACELLULAR materials (unlike Nerve, muscle and epithelium which are dependent of the cytoplasm or cell-membrane)

Question 27

Location of CT

Answer 27

Reflects mesenchymal origin. In inside of body.

Question 28

How are CT's classified

Answer 28

via the amounts, types and arrangements of the extracellular materials, which determine the mechanical properties.

Question 29

What is the clinical significance of CT

Answer 29

Many chronic diseases, such as arthritis or osteoporosis, are of CTs. This is due to changes on the amounts of extracellular materials.

Question 30

What is the difference between Proteoglycans and Glycoproteins

Answer 30

the protein:glycan ratio PGs = subtype of glycoproteins, have more glycan, are within the extracellular matrix Glycoproteins = have more protein

Question 31

What is the basic structure of a PG

Answer 31

A protein core (single chain of aa) with GAG chains attached. HA is the exception as it doesn't have a protein core.

Question 32

What makes up a GAG

Answer 32

Straight chain Polysaccharide made of repeating disaccharide units. All have negative charges which help resist compression

Question 33

Common GAGs are

Answer 33

Hyaluronan, chondroitin sulphate

Question 34

How are CTs responsive to the mechanical environment

Answer 34

They will remodel if the Mechanical environment changes. This means CT classification is not discrete, and there are many ranges of intermediate forms eg) fibrocartilage

Question 35

A high Collagen and low PG means

Answer 35

Resistance to tensional forces eg) tendon

Question 36

A high collagen and PG mean

Answer 36

Resistance to compressional forces eg) cartilage