Labs Flashcards
List the types of white blood cells
Neutrophils, banded neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils
Hematopoiesis
production of blood cells and platelets
Erythropoiesis
production of red cells
Leukopoiesis
production of white cells
Thrombopoiesis
production of platelets
“poiesis”
production of
Sites of hematopoiesis
normal circumstances
Red bone marrow
Sites of hematopoiesis
in distress
Red bone marrow, Yellow bone marrow gets converted to red bone marrow, Liver, Spleen
Name all the blood cells
red blood cell - erythrocyte white blood cell - leucocyte thrombocytes - platelet leucocyte - neutrophil leucocyte - lymphocyte leucocyte - monocyte leucocyte – eosinophils leucocyte - basophil
List two cell types that might be considered variations from the normal
Banded neutrophils, ovalocytes
Name the cell with the large pink -azurophilic- granules
Eosinophil
Name the cell with the large blue-black granules
Basophil
In what area of the body are cells produced
Bone marrow and lymph nodes
Name the cell with the bean shaped nucleus.
Monocyte
Name the cell that has a central pallor
Erythrocyte
Name the two cells that do not contain a nucleus
Erythrocyte, platelets
In which cell do we find hemoglobin
Erythrocyte
Give the term that means the production of blood cells in the bone
Intramedulary hematopoiesis
In a test tube, the liquid portion contains
Protein Glucose Electrolytes Hormones Fats Water Antibodies
In a test tube, the solid portion contains
Red blood cells – erythrocytes
Platelets – thrombocytes
White blood cells – leucocyte
Erythropoietin
a hormone secreted by the kidneys that increases the rate of production of red blood cells in response to falling levels of oxygen in the tissues.
Thrombopoietin
glycoprotein hormone produced by the liver and kidney which regulates the production of platelets. It stimulates the production and differentiation of megakaryocytes, the bone marrow cells that bud off large numbers of platelets.
State the different bones of the body that have red marrow and produce blood cells in non-stressed environments.
Skull, vertibra, hip, sternum and the ends of the long bones
What is yellow marrow, what is it made of, where do you find it, why do we have it?
Yellow marrow is made of lipid and found in the long bones. Yellow marrow is converted to red marrow in times of stress and will produce red blood cells.
Give the name of the earliest cell – the one with the option to choose what to become.
Stem cell
List all the options that this earliest cell may become.
Lymphocyte, erythrocyte, thrombocytes, neutrophil, eosinophils, basophil
What is the name of the precursor of thrombocytes?
megakaryocyte
What is special about the production of lymphocytes
It is done in the lymph nodes
What does the term “shift to the left” mean
Increased number of banded neutrophils (more immature than mature neutrophils)
If cells are not produced in the bone marrow they may be produced else where in the body - where is that
Liver, Spleen
What is the name of the stain used for reticulocytes
New Methylene Blue
Process of erythropoiesis
erythrocytes are continuously produced in the red bone marrow of large bones,at a rate of about 2 million per second in a healthy adult.
Normal cell
Normocytic
A variation in erythrocyte is known as
Anisocytosis
Second cell to arrive at the site of an infection
Monocyte
Kidneys and hematopoiesis
All circulating blood goes through the kidney
Kidney registers the amount of oxygen carried in the blood
If the oxygen levels are low the kidney produces a chemical call Erythropoietin
This chemical causes the bone marrow to produce red blood cells (erythrocytes)
Increase in erythrocytes (red blood cells) = increase in oxygen
First cell to response to an infection
Neutrophils
Phagocyte
Engulfing and absorbing bacteria
Blood contains
B6 B12 Iron Amino Acids Folate
Normal cell
Normocyte
Normal Colour
Normochromic
possible outcomes when hemoglobin and red cell production is impaired
Anemia
possible outcomes when hemoglobin and red cells are over produced
Polycythemia
possible outcomes when white cell production is impaired
inflammation, Leukemia
possible outcomes when white cells are overproduced
Hypereosinophilic syndrome, characterized by persistent eosinophilia – that is, sustained overproduction of eosinophils (white blood cells of the immune system) in the bone marrow
platelet production
Platelets are produced from very large bone marrow cells called megakaryocytic.
they are fragments of cytoplasm which are derived from the megakaryocytic
platelets uses
contribute to hemostasis(process which causes bleeding to stop)
neutrophil
Most common peripheral WBC
Irregular, segmented nucleus with coarse clumped chromatin staining dark purple
Cytoplasm is pale pink with faint granulation
Avian neutrophil is called a heterophil
Horse neutrophils are more segmented than a dog neutrophil
Basophil
Cytoplasmic granules stain blue to blue-black and may be few in number or more
Gray-blue cytoplasm often with small vacuoles
Associated with mast cells, involved with hypersensitivity reactions
Eosinophil
Nuclear structure similar to neutrophil but nor as coarsely clumped chromatin
Distinctive red to purple staining cytoplasmic granules that vary in size and shape among species
Increase is noted in allergic or hypersensitive/ parasites reactions
Lymphocyte
Small and large forms are recognized
High nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio
Coarse, clumped dark staining chromatin
Slight sky-blue cytoplasm surrounding nucleus of small forms with more cytoplasm in large lymphocytes
Cattle have more lymphocytes than neutrophils
Monocyte
Largest of the peripheral WBC’s
Variable nuclear shape (kidney bean shape) with diffuse chromatin, not as intensely stained
Blue-gray cytoplasm ,possibly with vacuoles(stomach) and fine pink granules
Circulates briefly in blood before entering the tissues as macrophages
(pac-men of cells)
Thrombocyte
Also called platelets
Anuclear cytoplasmic fragments from cells that are in the bone marrow called megakaryocytes
Vary in size, shape and color
Usually small pale blue to pink-purple color
May be found in clumps
Are an important component of hemostasis
not really a cell
Nucleated red blood cell
Slightly larger than mature RBC Darker staining cytoplasm, retained nucleus Immature cell Not normally found in peripheral blood Released in response to anemia (they don't carry oxygen)
Erythrocyte
Mature erythrocytes range for 3 to 7 um
Mature cell stains pink in color with an area of central pallor; nucleated in avian and reptiles and amphibians called NORMOCHROMIC
Polychromasia – stain with a bluish tint
What is the reference range for a reticulocyte count in either a dog or a cat?
- 4% is normal in cats
0. 5% is normal in dogs
Megakaryocytes
huge, has to stay in the bone marrow because there is not a big enough opening to go out
It shoots out small parts of them and it become thrombocytes
EDTA
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
a chelating agent that binds calcium and other metals; used as an anticoagulant for preserving blood specimens.
blood sample
> Sample anticoagulant….EDTA – purple top
Fill tube to the top
Gently mix
Label tube
Blood
Manufactured in red bone marrow, spleen, liver
pH 7.4
50% fluid
spleen removes old or destroyed cells
Hypochromasia
lack of decrease in staining intensity because of a lack of hemoglobin
Megakaryocytes
huge, has to stay in the bone marrow because there is not a big enough opening to go out
It shoots out small parts of them and it become thrombocytes
