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Hematopoieis > Anatomy (skeletal system) > Flashcards

Anatomy (skeletal system) Flashcards

1
Q

Bone terminology

A

‘os’

‘osteo’

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2
Q

Ossification

A

process in which cartilage is transformed into bone.

The mineralization or harding of bone

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3
Q

Osteoblasts

A

A cell that makes bone. It does so by producing/ secreting a matrix that is necessary to harden it. (bone forming cells) cell that adds calcium to bone

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4
Q

Osteocyte

A

mature bone cells that are located in spaces in the ossified matrix called lacunea
can convert back to osteoblasts if a injury makes that necessary (living tissue composing bone)

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5
Q

Matrix

A

hard intercellular substance

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6
Q

Bone characteristics

A 
second hardest natural substance in body
composed of cells embedded in a matrix
osteoblasts
osteocytes
ossification = hardening of the matrix
lacunae
canaliculi
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7
Q

Function of bone

A 
support
protection
leverage
storage
blood cell formation
hematopoiesis
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8
Q

Bone structure

A

Cancellou-> light and spongy
tiny “spicules” of bone, appear randomly arranged
Compact-> heavy and dense
tiny, tightly compacted cylinders of bones

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9
Q

Most basic function of bone

A

Support

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10
Q

Leverage

Bone

A

bone acts as levers for the skeletal muscles to move the body

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11
Q

Storage

Bone

A

Bones acts as a storage sties for minerals, and particularly calcium

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12
Q

Calcium

A

involved in many important body functions, including muscle contraction, blood clotting, milk secretion, and skeleton formation and mainteance

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13
Q

Cancellous Bone

A

spicules of bone with many spaces between them
-bone marrow-
spicules arranged to stand up to forces bone is subjected to
(composed of seemingly random arrangement of spicules of bone separated by spaces fill with bone marrow

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14
Q

Compact Bone

A

outside layer of all bones and shafts of long bones
composed of haversian systems that run lengthwise with the bone
>concentric layers of ossified bone matrix around central canal
Haversian canal contains:
->blood vessels
->lymph vessels
->nerves
>canaliculi-> tiny channel through the bone

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15
Q

Bone structure

A

periosteum: membrane covers the outer surfaces of bones
outer layer – fibrous tissue
inner layer – osteoblasts
endosteum: membrane lines hollow interior surfaces

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16
Q

Bone cells

A

osteoblasts-cells that form bone
osteocytes-osteoblasts surrounded by bone
osteoclasts-remodel and remove bone

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17
Q

Osteoclasts

A

eats away bone, necessary for remodeling to take place by removing bone from where it is not needed

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18
Q

Blood supply to bone

A

Volkmann’s canals
channels through bone matrix that contain blood vessels
join at right angles to haversian system
nutrient foramina
->large channels in large (and long) bones
->carry blood in and out of bone marrow
may resemble fracture of bone cortex in x-ray
Bloody supply comes from tiny blood vessels that penetrate in from the periosteum. The blood vessels pass through tiny channels in the bone matrix called the Walkman’s canals.

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19
Q

Bone formation

A 
one/ two mechanisms 
1. endochondral bone formation
>cartilage template replaced by bone
>primary growth center
->diaphysis
secondary growth center
epiphysis
2. intramembranous bone formation
bone develops from fibrous tissue membranes
occurs only in certain skull bones
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20
Q

Primary growth centre

A

Uses the cartilage as a template for the bones that will replaced them.

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21
Q

Secondary growth centre

A

sell*

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22
Q

Endochondral Bone formation

A

new bone develops along epiphyseal plates of cartilage located between shaft and ends of bones
allows long bones to lengthen

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23
Q

Diaphysis

A

back*

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24
Q

Epiphysis

A

back*

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25
Q

Bone shapes

A

long
irregular
flat
short

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26
Q

Bone marrow

A

fills the spaces within bones

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27
Q

types of bone marrow

A

red bone marrow

yellow bone marrow

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28
Q

red bone marrow

A

hematopoietic tissue

most common type in younger animals

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29
Q

yellow bone marrow

A 
primarily adipose (fat) connective tissue
most common type in adult animals
can revert to red bone marrow if there was an accident
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30
Q

Bone features

A

articular surfaces
processes
holes and depressed areas

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31
Q

articular surfaces

A 
the joint surfaces
smooth areas of compact bone where bones come in contact with each other = joints
covered by smooth, thin layer of hyaline cartilage called 
articular cartilage
surfaces:
condyle
head
facet
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32
Q

processes

A 
lumps, bumps, and other projections on a bone
projections on a bone where tendons attach
names depend on location:
spinous process of a vertebra 
trochanter on the femur
tubercle on the humerus
tuberosity on the ischium
spine on the scapula
crest on the tibia
wing on the atlas
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33
Q

holes and depressed areas

A

foramen

fossa

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34
Q

foramen

A

(plural foramina)
hole in a bone
something important passes through hole (foramen in a bone) (blood vessel, nerve)

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35
Q

fossa

A

depressed or sunken area on surface of bone

usually occupied by muscles or tendons

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36
Q

Axial skeleton components

A

skull, hyoid bones, the spinal column, the ribs, the sternum

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37
Q

define axial skeleton

A

located along the central axis of the body

bones of the head and trunk

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38
Q

Skull

A

37-38 separate bones
most bones united by jagged, immovable, fibrous joints = sutures
only the mandible is connected tot he rest of the skull by a freely movable Synovial joint
(cats have loose mandible bone)

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39
Q

Regions of skull bones

A

cranium
ear
face

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40
Q

bones of the cranium

A 
surround the brain, they are external or internal
2-frontal bones 
2-interparietal bones
1-occipital bone
2-parietal bone
2-temporal bones
1-ethmoid bone (internal)
1-sphenoid bone (internal)
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41
Q

Occipital bone

A

single bone that forms the caudoventral portion or base of the skull
the Foramen Magnum is the centre of the occipital bone and this is where the spinal cord exists the brain
2 occipital condyles
first cervical vertebra: atlas articulates (forms joint) here

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42
Q

c-1

A

atlas

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43
Q

c-2

A

axis

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44
Q

atlantooccipital joint

A

joint that connects the head with the neck

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45
Q

Interparietal bone

A

2 small bones located on dorsal midline between occipital and parietal bones
may fuse into one bone in older animals

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46
Q

Parietal bone

A

2 bones form dorsolateral walls of cranium
large and well developed in dogs, cats, and humans
relatively small in horses and cattle

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47
Q

Temporal bones

A

2 bones located ventral to parietal bones
important for serval reasons:
-form lateral walls of cranium
-contain middle and inner structures
-form TMJ (temporomandibular joints ) joints with mandible
-only ear structure that is visible from outside is the External Acoustic Meatus

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48
Q

Forntal bones

A

2 bones form the forehead region of the skull and part of the socket that holds the eye
horn core develops here for horned breeds of cattle
paranasal (frontal) sinus contained within frontal bone

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49
Q

internal bones of the cranium

A

sphenoid bone

ethmoid bone

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50
Q

sphenoid bone

A

single bone resembles flying bat and forms bottom of cranium
pituitary fossa houses pituitary gland
of most animals contains a paranasal sinus called the Sphenoid sinus

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51
Q

Ethmoid bone

A

single bone rostral to sphenoid bone

contains cribiform plate for olfactory nerves to pass through

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52
Q

bone of ear

A 
ossicles 
3 bones
malleus = hammer
incus = anvil
stapes = stirrup
function to transmit vibrations 
from tympanic membrane
across middle ear cavity
to cochlea
receptor cells covert vibrations to nerve impulses
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53
Q

bones of the face (External)

A 
>incisive bones (2) (hold your incisor teeth)
>nasal bones (2)
->dolichocephalic (long nose)
->brachycephalic
>maxillary bones (2)
>lacrimal bones (2)
>zygomatic bones (2)
>mandible (1 or 2)
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54
Q

bones of the face (internal)

A

Hidden
Palatine bones -> the roof of your mouth (2)
Pterygoid bones-> they protects the pharynx if there wasn’t a bone then the tissue will collapse (2)
Vomer bone ->divides the nostril bones (1)
Turbinates-> fine, thin and paper like. Filtering air-> air is funneled through, provide humidify-> warm it up, put pollutants (4)
-> nasal conchae

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55
Q

Hyoid bone

A 
Hyoid Apparatus
single U-shaped bone
several portions united by cartilage
function: support and aid in swallowing
(Not just one bone, but a series of tiny bones)
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56
Q

Spinal Column

A 
Vertebral Column
consists of series of individual bones
vertebrae (singular vertebra)
extends from skull to tip of tail
5 regions          shorthand
cervical  		C  +  #       
thoracic		T  +  #
lumbar		L  +  #
sacral		S  +  #
Coccygeal      Cy +  #
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57
Q

Vertebrae

A 
consist of a body, an arch, and processes
intervertebral disks separate bodies of adjacent vertebrae
(Helps supports and incase  
You can feel the spinous process)
arches line up to form the spinal canal
3 types processes:      
spinous                   
transverse                 
articular
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58
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

located in the neck region
nearly all mammals have 7
C1 = atlas ->the occipital bone fits into the wings, the smaller the wing the more turn in your head
C2 = axis ->gives the degree of range

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59
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A

located dorsal to the thorax
number can vary among and within species
number same as number of pairs of ribs
(Cat, dog, human have 13)

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60
Q

Lumber vertebrae

A 
located dorsal to the abdominal region
number can vary among and within species
large and bulky to support weight
(Lower back 
Cat, dog, human-> 7)
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61
Q

Sacral vertebrae

A

fuse to form single, solid structure = sacrum
number fused varies among species
forms sacroiliac joint
(sits on the pelvis
3 bones-> we consider all three as the sacrum because they are tightly together )

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62
Q

Coccygeal vertebrae

A

bones of the tail
number varies among and within species
appearance varies even within individual animal

63
Q

Ribs

A

flat bones that form lateral walls of thorax
number of pairs equals number of thoracic vertebrae
dorsal heads articulate with thoracic vertebrae
(They are not completely bone but some are cartilage -> which allows us to breath)
bone: dorsal ends of ribs
costal cartilage: ventral ends of the ribs
costochondral junction: area where cartilage meets bony rib
(As it comes to the front before it meets the sternum it is hard cartilage
Most are attached to the sternum, some when they are caudal they start to attach to other ribs in front)

64
Q

Sternum

A

the breastbone
composed of sternebrae manubrium xiphoid process
forms floor of the thorax
(Individual bones in the sternum-> Sternebra
Xiphoid is the last one
Mammals have a connection between the floating ribs and the diaphragm)

65
Q

Sternal ribs

A

ribs whose cartilages join the sternum

66
Q

asternal ribs

A

ribs that join the adjacent costal cartilage

67
Q

floating ribs

A

unattached ribs

68
Q

where the ribs are fully bone

A

dorsal ends of the ribs

69
Q

costal cartilage

A

ventral ends of the ribs

70
Q

costochondral junction

A

area where cartilage meets bony rib

71
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Thoracic limb

Pelvic limb

72
Q

Thoracic limb

A 
no bony connection to the axial skeleton
Contains:
scapula
humerus
ulna
radius
carpal bones
metacarpal bones
phalanges
73
Q

Scapula

A

flat, triangular bone
longitudinal ridge = spine of the scapula
forms socket portion of shoulder joint
glenoid cavity: shallow, concave articular surface
(Sits at the back (leonice’s tattoo)

74
Q

Humerus

A

> long bone of brachium (upper arm from shoulder to elbow)
proximal end is ball portion of shoulder joint
tubercles: processes where muscles attach
shaft extends to distal end to form elbow joint with radius and ulna
(Major supports of weight
Bottom end where we get our elbow joint)
olecranon fossa (a hollow on the dorsum of the distal end of the humerus, just above the trochlea)
condyles: distal articular surfaces
->trochlea
->capitulum
epicondyles: knobs that are non-articular
(Greater tubercle-> hold the joints
Lateral-> ulna forms the elbow)

75
Q

Antebrachium

A

The forearm
Ulna
Radius

76
Q

Ulna

A

forms major portion of elbow joint
-> olecranon process
-> trochlear notch
shape parallels that of radius

77
Q

Radius

A

main weight-bearing bone of antebrachium (before the main bone)
articulates with humerus and ulna

78
Q

Carpus

A 
two parallel rows of carpal bones
proximal row has names    
distal row has numbers
wrist in humans,  knee in horses
(Styloid process-> serving as points of attachment for muscles, refers to the slender, pointed process)
79
Q

Metacarpal Bones

A

extend distally from distal carpal bones to proximal phalanges
numbered medial to lateral
numbers vary by species: horses (1 + 2 vestigial) cattle (2 fused into 1) dogs and cats (5)
(Metacarpal-> palm)

80
Q

Metacarpal bones of horses

A

cannon bone:
one large metacarpal bone
splint bones: two vestigial metacarpal bones metacarpal II metacarpal IV
no remnant of I or V

81
Q

Thoracic limb bones of cattle

A 
two fused metacarpal bones  metacarpal III   
metacarpal IV
four digits              2 
weight-bearing       2 
dewclaws 
sesamoid bones              
2 proximal                   
1 distal
82
Q

Equine thoracic limb bones

A 
1 digit with 3 phalanges
>long pastern bone (proximal phalanx)
>short pastern bone (middle phalanx)
>coffin bone (distal phalanx)
3 sesamoid bones
>2 proximal
>1 distal = navicular
83
Q

Canine and Feline thoracic lim bones

A 
digit I (dewclaw):    
1 proximal phalanx        
1 distal phalanx
digits II-V:                
proximal, middle, and distal phalanx
sesamoid bones
ungual process surrounds claw on distal phalanx
(Plural-> phalanges )
84
Q

Pelvic Limb

A 
Pelvic limb is connected to axial skeleton at the sacroiliac joint.
pelvis
ilium
ischium
pubis
femur
patella
fabellae
tibia
fibula
tarsal bones
metatarsal bones
phalanges
85
Q

Pelvis

A

3 fused bones
>ilium
>ischium
>pubis
pelvic symphysis (the midline cartilaginous joint)
acetabulum (the socket of the hipbone, into which the head of the femur fits)
obturator foramina (large opening created by the ischium and pubis bones of the pelvis through which nerves and blood vessels pass)

86
Q

Femur

A

long bone of the thigh
head of femur fits into acetabulum of pelvis
trochanters attached to hip and thigh muscles
distal end forms stifle joint
trochlea: articular groove containing the patella
(Biggest sesamoid bone is the patella)

87
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Patella

Fabellae

88
Q

Patella

A

kneecap
large sesamoid bone
formed in distal tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle
protects the tendon

89
Q

Fabellae

A

2 small sesamoid bones
located in proximal gastrocnemius muscle tendons of dogs and cats
not present in cattle or horses

90
Q

Tibia

A 
shinbone
main weight-bearing bone of lower leg
forms stifle joint with the femur
forms hock with the tarsus
tibial tuberosity
tibial crest
(top forms the knee joint)
91
Q

Fibula

A 
thin, complete bone of lower leg
->parallels the tibia
not weight-bearing
serves as muscle attachment
lateral malleolus: knob-like process
(Muscle attachments 
If you have  distal tibia fracture then you will most likely have a proximal fibula fracture)
92
Q

Metatarsal bones

A

almost exactly the same as metacarpal bones
major differences:
dogs and cats –
4 metatarsal bones (II-V)
horses:
1 large metatarsal bone (cannon bone) and
2 small metatarsal bones (splint bones)

93
Q

Tarsus

A

Hock
2 rows of tarsal bones
proximal row named
distal row numbered medial to lateral

94
Q

Pelvic limb phalanges

A

almost exactly the same as the thoracic limb phalanges
exceptions:
dogs and cats – usually only 4 digits (II-V)
(If they have extra digits-> polydactyly)

95
Q

Visceral skeleton

A

71

96
Q

Joints

A 
junctions between bones
3 general classifications
fibrous
->immovable
cartilaginous
->slightly movable
synovial
->freely movable
97
Q

Fibrous joints

A 
Synarthroses
immovable joints
firmly united by fibrous tissue
examples:
sutures of skull
equine splint bones
98
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A 
Amphiarthroses
slightly movable joints
slight rocking movement
examples:
intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis, mandibular symphysis
99
Q

Synovial joints

A 
Diarthroses
freely movable
characteristics:
articular surfaces on bones
articular cartilage covering articular surfaces
joint cavity = joint space
->synovial membrane
->synovial fluid
ligaments for stabilization
100
Q

Synovial joint movements

A 
flexion
extension
adduction
abduction
rotation
circumduction
101
Q

Flexion and Extension

Synovial joint movements

A

opposite movements

increase or decrease angle between two bones

102
Q

Abduction and Adduction

Synovial joint movements

A

opposite movements

moves an extremity away(abd) from or toward(add) the medial

103
Q

Rotation (Synovial joint movements)

A

twisting movement of a part on its own axis

104
Q

Circumduction (Synovial joint movements)

A

movement of an extremity so that distal end moves in a circle

105
Q

Types of synovial joints

A

hinge
gliding
pivot
ball-and-socket

106
Q

Hinge joints

A

Ginglymus joints
one joint surface swivels around another
only flexion and extension movements
examples: elbow, atlantoocipital

107
Q

Gliding joints

A 
Arthrodial joints
rocking motion of one bone on another
primary motion of flexion and extension
->some abduction and adduction possible
example: carpus
108
Q

Pivot joints

A

Trochoid joints
one bone rotates on another
rotation movement only
example: alantoaxial joint

109
Q

Ball-and-socket joints

A

Spheroidal joints
allow all 6 types of synovial joint movements
examples: shoulder, hip

110
Q

the general anatomic classification for the skeleton are

A

axial
appendicular
visceral

111
Q

the long bones of the forelimbs are the

A

humerus
radius
ulna

112
Q

the main weight-bearing bone of the ante brachium of the thoracic is the

A

radius

113
Q

the pelvic is formed by these three bones

A

ischium
ilium
pelvic bones

114
Q

the joint including the patella is called the

A

stifle

115
Q

the joint type that allows for the greatest range of motion is a

A

ball-and-socket joint

116
Q

the bending of a joint is called

A

flexion

117
Q

the medulla of long bones is an important source of

A

hematopoiesis

118
Q

the shaft of a long bone is called the

A

diaphysis

119
Q

the shoulder blades are called

A

scapulae

120
Q

the diaphragm is a muscle of respiration located in the

A

thorax

121
Q

the muscle used for mastication are

A

masseter muscles

122
Q

The fibrous band of connective tissue at the centre of the ventral abdominal floor is called the

A

linea alba

123
Q

The smooth muscles that attach to the hair on the dorsum and raise the hairs when stimulated in dogs and cats are the

A

arrector pili muscles

124
Q

the strong, fibrous, white bands that attach muscle to bones are called

A

tendons

125
Q

the strong bands of tissue that hold bones together and support organs are called

A

ligaments

126
Q

a particular type of tendon that is flat and ribbonlike is called

A

aponeurosis

127
Q

The immovable attachment of a muscle or the point at which it is anchored by a tendon to bone is called its

A

origin

128
Q

the nerve that causes a muscle to move is called

A

motor neuron

129
Q

the membrane of a muscle cell

A

sarcolemma

130
Q

facial muscle for chewing

A

masseters

131
Q

forms the chest and adducts the forelimb

A

pectoral

132
Q

extends distal forelimb

A

triceps brachii

133
Q

skin twitch muscle

A

cutaneous

134
Q

hip muscle

A

gluteals

135
Q

broadest muscle of the back

A

latissimus dorsi

136
Q

abdominal wall muscle

A

rectus abdominis

137
Q

flexes the hind limbs

A

Semimembranosus

138
Q

Muscular characteristics

A

excitability
contractibility
extensibility
elasticity

139
Q

muscle functions

A

provide motion
maintain posture
generate heat

140
Q

type of muscle

A

Skeletal
cardiac
smooth

141
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

controlled by conscious mind
moves bones of the skeleton
voluntary striated muscle
well-defined group of cells surrounded by fibrous connective sheath = epimysium

142
Q

Skeletal muscle attachements

A

tendons
attach to bones by fibrous tissue bands
aponeuroses
attach to bones or muscles by broad sheets of fibrous tissue

143
Q

skeletal muscle attachment sites

A

origin
more stable site
does not move much when muscle contracts
insertion
site that undergo the most movement when a muscle contacts

144
Q

Skeletal muscle actions

A

agonist = prime mover
directly produces a desired movement
antagonist
directly opposes the action of an agonist
synergist
contracts at same time as agonist to assist its action
fixator
stabilizes joints to allow other movements

145
Q

muscle naming conventions

A 
action
->superficial digital flexor
shape
->deltoid
location
->biceps brachii
direction of fibers
->rectus abdominis
number of heads or divisions
->biceps brachii
->triceps brachii
->quadriceps brachii
attachment sites
->sternocephalicus
146
Q

Cutaneous muscle

A

thin, broad superficial muscles
found in connective tissue just beneath skin
little or no attachment to bones

147
Q

Head and Neck Skeletal Muscles

A 
control facial expressions
enable mastication
->masseter muscle
move sensory structures
support the head
raise the head and neck
->splenius
->trapezius
move the head laterally
close the jaw
extend the head and neck and pull the front leg forward
->brachiocephalicus 
flex the head and neck
->sternocephalicus
148
Q

Abdominal skeletal muscles (functions)

A

support abdominal organs
help flex the back
participate in defecation, urination, parturition, vomiting, and regurgitation
have a role in respiration

149
Q

Abdominal skeletal muscle

A 
arranged in layers
>external abdominal oblique muscle
>internal abdominal oblique muscle
>rectus abdominis
>transversus abdominis
left and right parts come together at linea alba
150
Q

Skeletal muscles of respiration (function)

A

increase and decrease size of thoracic cavity

151
Q

inspiratory muscles

A

diaphragm

external intercostal muscles

152
Q

expiratory muscles

A

internal intercostal muscles

abdominal muscles

153
Q

skeletal muscle cell

A 
muscle fiber 
very large, quite long and thin
multinucleate
myofibrils form interior of muscle fiber
network of sarcoplasmic reticulum
system of T tubules (transverse tubules)

Hematopoieis (6 decks)

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