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Hematopoieis > Clinical Exercise > Flashcards

Clinical Exercise Flashcards

1
Q

ac

A

before meals

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2
Q

AD

A

right ear

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3
Q

AL

A

left ear

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4
Q

AP

A

Anterior-Posterior

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5
Q

ASAP

A

as soon as possible

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6
Q

AU

A

both ears

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7
Q

BAR

A

Bright, Alert, Responsive

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8
Q

bid

A

twice daily

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9
Q

BLD

A

blood

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10
Q

BM

A

Bowel movement

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11
Q

BW

A

body weight

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12
Q

c

A

with

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13
Q

C & S

A

Culture and sensitivity

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14
Q

C-S

A

Coughing - Sneezing

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15
Q

caps

A

capsule

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16
Q

CBC

A

complete blood count

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17
Q

cc

A

cubic centimeter

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18
Q

CD

A

Canine Distemper

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19
Q

CRT

A

Capillary refill time

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20
Q

DHL

A

Canine distemper-hepatitis-leptospirosis

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21
Q

DLH, DMH, DSH

A

Domestic long/ medium/ short hair

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22
Q

DOA

A

Dead on arrival

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23
Q

DV

A

dorsal ventral

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24
Q

Dx

A

diagnosis

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25
Q

EENT

A

eyes, ears, nose, throat

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26
Q

FD

A

Feline distemper

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27
Q

FeLV

A

Feline leukemia virus

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28
Q

FIP

A

Feline infectious peritonitis

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29
Q

FPV

A

Feline panleukopenia virus

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30
Q

FVR

A

Feline viral rhinotracheitis

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31
Q

GI

A

Gastrointestinal

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32
Q

gt

A

drop (gutta)

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33
Q

gtt

A

drops (guttae)

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34
Q

HBC

A

hit by car

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35
Q

HR

A

heart rate

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36
Q

IC

A

Intracardiac

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37
Q

ID

A

Intradermal

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38
Q

IM

A

Intramuscular

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39
Q

IN

A

Intranasal

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40
Q

IP

A

Intraperitoneal

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41
Q

IT

A

Intratracheal

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42
Q

IU

A

International units

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43
Q

IV

A

Intravenous

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44
Q

k9

A

canine

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45
Q

kg

A

kilogram

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46
Q

L or LT

A

left

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47
Q

ml or ML

A

milliliter

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48
Q

MM

A

mucus membrane

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49
Q

NC

A

no change

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50
Q

NPO

A

non per os (nothing by mouth)

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51
Q

NS

A

normal saline

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52
Q

NAF

A

no abnormal findings

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53
Q

NSF

A

no significant findings

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54
Q

OD

A

right eye

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55
Q

OS

A

left eye

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56
Q

OU

A

both eye

57
Q

pc

A

after meal

58
Q

per os

A

orally (by mouth)

59
Q

PM

A

postmortem

60
Q

prn or PRN

A

as necessary

61
Q

q

A

every

62
Q

q2h

A

every 2 hours

63
Q

qd

A

every day

64
Q

qh

A

every hour

65
Q

qid

A

four times a day

66
Q

qod

A

every other day

67
Q

r or RT

A

right

68
Q

RV

A

rabies vaccination

69
Q

s

A

without

70
Q

SC or SQ

A

subcutaneous

71
Q

ss

A

one half

72
Q

tab

A

tablets

73
Q

tid

A

three times daily

74
Q

TPR

A

temperature, plus, respiratory

75
Q

UGI

A

upper gastrointestinal tract

76
Q

ung

A

ointment

77
Q

v.

A

vein

78
Q

VD

A

ventral dorsal

79
Q

V-D

A

vomiting and diarrhea

80
Q

wt

A

weight

81
Q

standing restraint

A

animal is standing- one arm around neck/chest or hand under chin and the other arm under chest or over back

82
Q

crowding

A

(very large dogs) in a corner of the room place dog in a sitting position. Straddle the dog and restrain the head with your hands under the chin (only with clam co-operative dogs), or best to kneel to the side of the dog and wrap one arm around the neck/chest and the other arm over the shoulder in order to steady the front legs. (never make it appear that you are cornering the dog)

83
Q

sitting position (canine)

A

have a dog sit- one arm around the neck/chest, the other around the back and hold close

84
Q

sternal recumbecncy (canine)

A

say sit then say down, place one arm around the neck and the other one around the shoulders, holding the elbow- use your body weight to keep the dog in the down position. You need to guild knees inward.

85
Q

Lateral recumbency (canine)

A

BACK*

86
Q

Dorsal recumbency (canine)

A

Place in lateral then roll onto the back, fore-paws stretched cranially and the back paws stretched caudally. Two students will be needed. Always remember to roll the animal back to the side that was originally down.

87
Q

snubbing (canine)

A

animal on leash attached to cage door or eye loop anchor in wall- forces the head to stay, so you are able to ouch the hid end without being bitten

88
Q

Sitting position (feline)

A

place one hand on the mandible (lower jaw) and the other arm around the shoulder to hold front legs- snug up- use your elbow to hold cats body close to you

89
Q

sternal recumbency (feline)

A

from sitting position, lay the cats chest into the table

90
Q

sternal cat press

A

chest and abdomen on the table- place one hand behind neck above the shoulders and the other hand over pelvis and press

91
Q

Fetal hold or lateral scruff and stretch

A

cat is sitting- scruff the neck (gather as much skin with one hand) lift slightly off table, grasp hind legs with the other hand, stretch cat out and lay laterally

92
Q

lateral recumbency

A

secure the legs with your hands, gently slide to its side- your wrist secures the head

93
Q

dorsal recumbency

A

like the dog- requires two students- one secures head and front legs the other the hind legs

94
Q

parenteral administration

A

administration by injection

(administered via some other route than the alimentary canal, includes all medications that are injection

95
Q

Common three routes

A

SQ- Subcutaneous
IM- Intramuscular
IV- Intravenous

96
Q

Subcutaneous -SQ (places)

A

1,2,3 six quadrants 50.0-100.0 mL per site

  1. dorsal right and left thoracic region
  2. dorsal right and left mid body
  3. dorsal right and left lumbar region
97
Q

Intramuscular- IM (places)

A

1,2,3,4 2.0-5.9mL per site

  1. epaxial- lumbosacral muscle 3rd-5th lumbar region
  2. hamstring- semitendinosus/ semimembranosus, avoid sciatic nerve
  3. triceps
  4. quadriceps
98
Q

Intravenous- IV (places)

A
  1. sublingual
  2. jugular
  3. cephalic
  4. fermoral
  5. saphenous
99
Q

Lymph nodes

A
  1. sub mandibular
  2. pre scapular
  3. axillary
  4. inguinal
  5. popliteal
100
Q

BACK*

A 
IC- intracardiac
IP- intraperitoneal
ID- intradermal
IO- intraosseous/ intramedullary
IT- intratracheal
IN- intranasal
IA- intraarterial
101
Q

Patient’s file

A 
ClinEx1, name 
behaviour of animal at start
body score out of 9
temp C, HR bpm, RR bpm
MM colour, CRT sec, Hyd
any abnormal findings
procedures performed
behaviour of animal at the end
102
Q

Body condition Score (feline)

A

Too thin 1- ribs, spine and pelvic bones easily visible, very narrow waist, small amount of muscle, no palpable fat on rib cage, severe abdominal tuck
Ideal 4-5 rins not visible but palpable, obvious waist, small amount of abdominal fat
overweight 6
Obese 9- ribs not palpable under a thick layer of fat, waist absent

103
Q

Body condition Score (canine)

A

Too thin 1- ribs, spine and pelvic bones easily visible, obvious loss of muscle mass
Ideal 4-5 rins not visible but palpable, waist easily named when viewed from above, abdominal tuck evident
overweight 6
Obese 9- massive fat deposits over thorax, spine and base of tail, was it and abdominal tuck absent

104
Q

How to pill

A

grasp maxilla (upper jaw) with less dominant hand with index finger and thumb, tilt head back (nose to ceiling) and lower jaw will drop open. use your middle finger on your dominant hand to open the jaw further and with your index finger and thumb holding the pill place it at the back of the throat and PUSH. Always examine the mouth after to ensure swallowing of the pill

105
Q

How to administer liquids orally

A

tilt head slightly but NEVER totally upwards (should aspirate), place syringe just behind canine tooth and administer slowly while patient swallows

106
Q

how to administer paste

A

less dominant hand on maxilla and product on index finger on dominant hand place on tongue or roof of mouth so animal will lick it down

107
Q

Nasal administration

A

tilt head back so nose is elected and place drops into nostrils slowly

108
Q

How to administer liquid eye drops

A

elevate head and hold bottle 1-2 inches above the eye, pull upper eyelid open and apply drops onto sclera then release lid (never touch the bottle to eye)

109
Q

How to apply eye ointments

A

elevate the head and place 1/8-1/4 inch strip of ointment medial to lateral onto the cornea or lower boarder of eyelid (never touch the tube to eye)

110
Q

one handed needle recapping

A
  1. place cap on a flat surface
  2. using one hand hold syringe with tips of fingers, needle pointed away from body
  3. place finger tips on table so needle and syringe are parallel to cap
  4. insert needle into cap
111
Q

Subcutaneous- SQ (administering)

A

1.tent skin on the back- can use six quadrants, 2.hold syringe in dominant hand with index finger, middle finger and thumb on the barrel and your pinky or ring finger controlling the plunger, 3.bevel up on needle, 4.apply alcohol, 5.place needle into the tented skin, 6. always out back for negative pressure.

112
Q

Negative pressure

A

if air appears then disappears when the plunger is released.

if you draw back and the air stays or there is blood then use a different site

113
Q

Intramuscular- IM (administrating)

A

Do not inject more than 2.0ml-5.0 ml per site (amount depends on animal size)
Epaxial Muscle-1. injection site should be cranial to he pelvis and lateral to th vertebrae 2. keep your index finger over the vertebrae to ensure proper placement of the needle 3. apply alcohol 4. hold syringe so that your pinky or ring finger controls the plunger 5. hold the syringe completely stright up and down 6. Always draw back for negative pressure
Semimembranosus- 1.locate the injection site by locating the femur and the knee, gently squeezing the muscle to ‘bulge out’ the muscle 2. the sciatic nerve runs along the firmer so to avoid it your needle should always be slightly caudally 3. apply alcohol 4. place needle, pull back for negative pressure

114
Q

quickest way for drugs to reach systemic circulation

A
  1. IV
  2. IM
  3. SQ
115
Q

Why is Bolus SQ used

A

often used in small dogs and cats suffering from mild to moderate dehydration

116
Q

information on Bolus SQ administration

A

use only sterile, isotonic solutions, choose from six sites, change needle between each site, a maximum of 50.0-100.0ml may be administered into each site, this can be painful to the animal and IV catheterization may be preferred, a 20 or 18 gauge needle is used

117
Q

Three different methods that can be used to administer Bolus SQ

A
  1. a needle with a large syringe filled with fluid
  2. a butterfly attached to a large syringe with fluid
  3. a needle attached to an IV bag and line so fluids are administered by gravity
118
Q

Common sites for IV administration

A

cephalic, saphenous, fermoral, and jugular

119
Q

Steps to obtain blood

A
  1. shave area if required
  2. apply alcohol (alcohol will vasodiolate (widening) the vessel)
  3. use the appropriate size needle and syringe for the task
  4. Jugular vein- you will have to hold the vessel yourself, for the other vessels your partner will hold the vessel off
  5. insert the needle on a 45 degree angle with bevel up
  6. pull back on plunger, if there is blood continue to draw, if no blood appears try redirecting needle
  7. hold off the vessel the entire time
  8. when sample requirement is reached have your restrainer place a digit over the puncture site and place light pressure on site as you remove the needle form the site
  9. cap your needle, remove the needle form syringe
  10. take top off vacutainer and gently depress the plunger until proper amount of blood is in the vautainer (you will have to act quickly to prevent clotting)
120
Q

Steps to inject into a vein

A
  1. have your restrainer hold off the vein
  2. apply alcohol
  3. place needle in the vessel bevel up
  4. pull plunger back- if you see blood have your restrainer release the vessel and inject, if no blood then redirect to find vessel
121
Q

Cornea

A

clear ‘window’ front of eye

122
Q

Sclera

A

white of the eye- rest of the outer layer of the eye

123
Q

Iris

A

muscular diaphragm that controls the size of the pupil- colour part

124
Q

Lens

A

responsible for near and far vision

125
Q

Retina

A

where visual images are formed

126
Q

Conjunctiva

A

thin layer that lines the underside of the eyelids and covers the outer aspect of the eyeball

127
Q

Colours of Conjunctiva

A

Pink- normal
Yellow- jaundice
white- anemia

128
Q

3rd eye lid

A

nictitating membrane, plate of cartilage, covered by the conjunctiva in the corner of eye

129
Q

Lacrimal apparatus

A

production and drainage of tears from the eye

130
Q 
Lacrimal puncta (ducts)
medial canthus
A

2 small openings one on the upper and lower lids- drink tears to he lacrimal sac to the nasolacrimal ducts to he nasal cavity

131
Q

Schirmer tear test

A

first test to be performed- tear production

132
Q

Corneoconjunctival culture

A

bacterial, fungal or other pathogens to determine antibiotic sensitivity (take with sterile swab)

133
Q

Standing of the cornea

A

fluorescein dye test

134
Q

Corneoconjunctival smear and scraping

A

cytology

135
Q

Schioetz tonometry

A

intra-ocular pressure

136
Q

Aural administration (otic, ear)

A

always use a otoscope to examine the tympanic membrane to ensure it is intact
start with the less affected ear
1.pinnae is pull upwards and slightly out laterally
2.tip of the medication dispenser is placed into he vertical ear canal
3. the dispenser is squeezed
4.the base of the ear is massaged to distribute the medication

137
Q

steps to use otoscope

A
  1. pull pinnae gently upwards
  2. otoscope cone is gently passed into the vertical canal
  3. cone is gently advanced into the horizontal canal until the eardrum is visualized
138
Q

Anal sac expression

A

well lubricated gloves enter the anus, palpated by moving the finger within the rectum laterally and caudally while gently pressing with the thumb on the outside of the anus

Hematopoieis (6 decks)

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