Clinical Exercise Flashcards
1
Q
ac
A
before meals
2
Q
AD
A
right ear
3
Q
AL
A
left ear
4
Q
AP
A
Anterior-Posterior
5
Q
ASAP
A
as soon as possible
6
Q
AU
A
both ears
7
Q
BAR
A
Bright, Alert, Responsive
8
Q
bid
A
twice daily
9
Q
BLD
A
blood
10
Q
BM
A
Bowel movement
11
Q
BW
A
body weight
12
Q
c
A
with
13
Q
C & S
A
Culture and sensitivity
14
Q
C-S
A
Coughing - Sneezing
15
Q
caps
A
capsule
16
Q
CBC
A
complete blood count
17
Q
cc
A
cubic centimeter
18
Q
CD
A
Canine Distemper
19
Q
CRT
A
Capillary refill time
20
Q
DHL
A
Canine distemper-hepatitis-leptospirosis
21
Q
DLH, DMH, DSH
A
Domestic long/ medium/ short hair
22
Q
DOA
A
Dead on arrival
23
Q
DV
A
dorsal ventral
24
Q
Dx
A
diagnosis
25
EENT
eyes, ears, nose, throat
26
FD
Feline distemper
27
FeLV
Feline leukemia virus
28
FIP
Feline infectious peritonitis
29
FPV
Feline panleukopenia virus
30
FVR
Feline viral rhinotracheitis
31
GI
Gastrointestinal
32
gt
drop (gutta)
33
gtt
drops (guttae)
34
HBC
hit by car
35
HR
heart rate
36
IC
Intracardiac
37
ID
Intradermal
38
IM
Intramuscular
39
IN
Intranasal
40
IP
Intraperitoneal
41
IT
Intratracheal
42
IU
International units
43
IV
Intravenous
44
k9
canine
45
kg
kilogram
46
L or LT
left
47
ml or ML
milliliter
48
MM
mucus membrane
49
NC
no change
50
NPO
non per os (nothing by mouth)
51
NS
normal saline
52
NAF
no abnormal findings
53
NSF
no significant findings
54
OD
right eye
55
OS
left eye
56
OU
both eye
57
pc
after meal
58
per os
orally (by mouth)
59
PM
postmortem
60
prn or PRN
as necessary
61
q
every
62
q2h
every 2 hours
63
qd
every day
64
qh
every hour
65
qid
four times a day
66
qod
every other day
67
r or RT
right
68
RV
rabies vaccination
69
s
without
70
SC or SQ
subcutaneous
71
ss
one half
72
tab
tablets
73
tid
three times daily
74
TPR
temperature, plus, respiratory
75
UGI
upper gastrointestinal tract
76
ung
ointment
77
v.
vein
78
VD
ventral dorsal
79
V-D
vomiting and diarrhea
80
wt
weight
81
standing restraint
animal is standing- one arm around neck/chest or hand under chin and the other arm under chest or over back
82
crowding
(very large dogs) in a corner of the room place dog in a sitting position. Straddle the dog and restrain the head with your hands under the chin (only with clam co-operative dogs), or best to kneel to the side of the dog and wrap one arm around the neck/chest and the other arm over the shoulder in order to steady the front legs. (never make it appear that you are cornering the dog)
83
sitting position (canine)
have a dog sit- one arm around the neck/chest, the other around the back and hold close
84
sternal recumbecncy (canine)
say sit then say down, place one arm around the neck and the other one around the shoulders, holding the elbow- use your body weight to keep the dog in the down position. You need to guild knees inward.
85
Lateral recumbency (canine)
BACK*
86
Dorsal recumbency (canine)
Place in lateral then roll onto the back, fore-paws stretched cranially and the back paws stretched caudally. Two students will be needed. Always remember to roll the animal back to the side that was originally down.
87
snubbing (canine)
animal on leash attached to cage door or eye loop anchor in wall- forces the head to stay, so you are able to ouch the hid end without being bitten
88
Sitting position (feline)
place one hand on the mandible (lower jaw) and the other arm around the shoulder to hold front legs- snug up- use your elbow to hold cats body close to you
89
sternal recumbency (feline)
from sitting position, lay the cats chest into the table
90
sternal cat press
chest and abdomen on the table- place one hand behind neck above the shoulders and the other hand over pelvis and press
91
Fetal hold or lateral scruff and stretch
cat is sitting- scruff the neck (gather as much skin with one hand) lift slightly off table, grasp hind legs with the other hand, stretch cat out and lay laterally
92
lateral recumbency
secure the legs with your hands, gently slide to its side- your wrist secures the head
93
dorsal recumbency
like the dog- requires two students- one secures head and front legs the other the hind legs
94
parenteral administration
administration by injection
| (administered via some other route than the alimentary canal, includes all medications that are injection
95
Common three routes
SQ- Subcutaneous
IM- Intramuscular
IV- Intravenous
96
Subcutaneous -SQ (places)
1,2,3 six quadrants 50.0-100.0 mL per site
1. dorsal right and left thoracic region
2. dorsal right and left mid body
3. dorsal right and left lumbar region
97
Intramuscular- IM (places)
1,2,3,4 2.0-5.9mL per site
1. epaxial- lumbosacral muscle 3rd-5th lumbar region
2. hamstring- semitendinosus/ semimembranosus, avoid sciatic nerve
3. triceps
4. quadriceps
98
Intravenous- IV (places)
1. sublingual
2. jugular
3. cephalic
4. fermoral
5. saphenous
99
Lymph nodes
1. sub mandibular
2. pre scapular
3. axillary
4. inguinal
5. popliteal
100
BACK*
```
IC- intracardiac
IP- intraperitoneal
ID- intradermal
IO- intraosseous/ intramedullary
IT- intratracheal
IN- intranasal
IA- intraarterial
```
101
Patient's file
```
ClinEx1, name
behaviour of animal at start
body score out of 9
temp C, HR bpm, RR bpm
MM colour, CRT sec, Hyd
any abnormal findings
procedures performed
behaviour of animal at the end
```
102
Body condition Score (feline)
Too thin 1- ribs, spine and pelvic bones easily visible, very narrow waist, small amount of muscle, no palpable fat on rib cage, severe abdominal tuck
Ideal 4-5 rins not visible but palpable, obvious waist, small amount of abdominal fat
overweight 6
Obese 9- ribs not palpable under a thick layer of fat, waist absent
103
Body condition Score (canine)
Too thin 1- ribs, spine and pelvic bones easily visible, obvious loss of muscle mass
Ideal 4-5 rins not visible but palpable, waist easily named when viewed from above, abdominal tuck evident
overweight 6
Obese 9- massive fat deposits over thorax, spine and base of tail, was it and abdominal tuck absent
104
How to pill
grasp maxilla (upper jaw) with less dominant hand with index finger and thumb, tilt head back (nose to ceiling) and lower jaw will drop open. use your middle finger on your dominant hand to open the jaw further and with your index finger and thumb holding the pill place it at the back of the throat and PUSH. Always examine the mouth after to ensure swallowing of the pill
105
How to administer liquids orally
tilt head slightly but NEVER totally upwards (should aspirate), place syringe just behind canine tooth and administer slowly while patient swallows
106
how to administer paste
less dominant hand on maxilla and product on index finger on dominant hand place on tongue or roof of mouth so animal will lick it down
107
Nasal administration
tilt head back so nose is elected and place drops into nostrils slowly
108
How to administer liquid eye drops
elevate head and hold bottle 1-2 inches above the eye, pull upper eyelid open and apply drops onto sclera then release lid (never touch the bottle to eye)
109
How to apply eye ointments
elevate the head and place 1/8-1/4 inch strip of ointment medial to lateral onto the cornea or lower boarder of eyelid (never touch the tube to eye)
110
one handed needle recapping
1. place cap on a flat surface
2. using one hand hold syringe with tips of fingers, needle pointed away from body
3. place finger tips on table so needle and syringe are parallel to cap
4. insert needle into cap
111
Subcutaneous- SQ (administering)
1.tent skin on the back- can use six quadrants, 2.hold syringe in dominant hand with index finger, middle finger and thumb on the barrel and your pinky or ring finger controlling the plunger, 3.bevel up on needle, 4.apply alcohol, 5.place needle into the tented skin, 6. always out back for negative pressure.
112
Negative pressure
if air appears then disappears when the plunger is released.
| if you draw back and the air stays or there is blood then use a different site
113
Intramuscular- IM (administrating)
Do not inject more than 2.0ml-5.0 ml per site (amount depends on animal size)
Epaxial Muscle-1. injection site should be cranial to he pelvis and lateral to th vertebrae 2. keep your index finger over the vertebrae to ensure proper placement of the needle 3. apply alcohol 4. hold syringe so that your pinky or ring finger controls the plunger 5. hold the syringe completely stright up and down 6. Always draw back for negative pressure
Semimembranosus- 1.locate the injection site by locating the femur and the knee, gently squeezing the muscle to 'bulge out' the muscle 2. the sciatic nerve runs along the firmer so to avoid it your needle should always be slightly caudally 3. apply alcohol 4. place needle, pull back for negative pressure
114
quickest way for drugs to reach systemic circulation
1. IV
2. IM
3. SQ
115
Why is Bolus SQ used
often used in small dogs and cats suffering from mild to moderate dehydration
116
information on Bolus SQ administration
use only sterile, isotonic solutions, choose from six sites, change needle between each site, a maximum of 50.0-100.0ml may be administered into each site, this can be painful to the animal and IV catheterization may be preferred, a 20 or 18 gauge needle is used
117
Three different methods that can be used to administer Bolus SQ
1. a needle with a large syringe filled with fluid
2. a butterfly attached to a large syringe with fluid
3. a needle attached to an IV bag and line so fluids are administered by gravity
118
Common sites for IV administration
cephalic, saphenous, fermoral, and jugular
119
Steps to obtain blood
1. shave area if required
2. apply alcohol (alcohol will vasodiolate (widening) the vessel)
3. use the appropriate size needle and syringe for the task
4. Jugular vein- you will have to hold the vessel yourself, for the other vessels your partner will hold the vessel off
5. insert the needle on a 45 degree angle with bevel up
6. pull back on plunger, if there is blood continue to draw, if no blood appears try redirecting needle
7. hold off the vessel the entire time
8. when sample requirement is reached have your restrainer place a digit over the puncture site and place light pressure on site as you remove the needle form the site
9. cap your needle, remove the needle form syringe
10. take top off vacutainer and gently depress the plunger until proper amount of blood is in the vautainer (you will have to act quickly to prevent clotting)
120
Steps to inject into a vein
1. have your restrainer hold off the vein
2. apply alcohol
3. place needle in the vessel bevel up
4. pull plunger back- if you see blood have your restrainer release the vessel and inject, if no blood then redirect to find vessel
121
Cornea
clear 'window' front of eye
122
Sclera
white of the eye- rest of the outer layer of the eye
123
Iris
muscular diaphragm that controls the size of the pupil- colour part
124
Lens
responsible for near and far vision
125
Retina
where visual images are formed
126
Conjunctiva
thin layer that lines the underside of the eyelids and covers the outer aspect of the eyeball
127
Colours of Conjunctiva
Pink- normal
Yellow- jaundice
white- anemia
128
3rd eye lid
nictitating membrane, plate of cartilage, covered by the conjunctiva in the corner of eye
129
Lacrimal apparatus
production and drainage of tears from the eye
130
```
Lacrimal puncta (ducts)
medial canthus
```
2 small openings one on the upper and lower lids- drink tears to he lacrimal sac to the nasolacrimal ducts to he nasal cavity
131
Schirmer tear test
first test to be performed- tear production
132
Corneoconjunctival culture
bacterial, fungal or other pathogens to determine antibiotic sensitivity (take with sterile swab)
133
Standing of the cornea
fluorescein dye test
134
Corneoconjunctival smear and scraping
cytology
135
Schioetz tonometry
intra-ocular pressure
136
Aural administration (otic, ear)
always use a otoscope to examine the tympanic membrane to ensure it is intact
start with the less affected ear
1.pinnae is pull upwards and slightly out laterally
2.tip of the medication dispenser is placed into he vertical ear canal
3. the dispenser is squeezed
4.the base of the ear is massaged to distribute the medication
137
steps to use otoscope
1. pull pinnae gently upwards
2. otoscope cone is gently passed into the vertical canal
3. cone is gently advanced into the horizontal canal until the eardrum is visualized
138
Anal sac expression
well lubricated gloves enter the anus, palpated by moving the finger within the rectum laterally and caudally while gently pressing with the thumb on the outside of the anus
