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MYCOLOGY AND VIROLOGY > Laboratory Diagnosis, Specimen Collection & Serologic Test 2 > Flashcards

Laboratory Diagnosis, Specimen Collection & Serologic Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Important specimen if the infection is a disseminated type

A

BLOOD

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2
Q

temp and storage of blood

A

30 deg C up to 21 days

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2
Q

in Lysis centrifugation technique, for pathogenic fungal elements, it is best incubated for as long as
____ days

A

10-15

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3
Q
  • Contains both solid and liquid media
  • If bottle is inverted, specimen will be inoculated on the solid media
A

Biphasic broth-agar system

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3
Q

in Lysis centrifugation technique, As fast as ___ days of incubation, fungal elements can be already be detected on the plated media

A

4

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4
Q

this clinical specimen use culture media with cycloheximide

A

RESPIRATORY SECRETIONS

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4
Q

respiratory secretions examples

A

Sputum
Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)
Bronchial washings
Tracheal aspirate

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4
Q
  • Optimal for isolation of H. capsulatum & filamentous fungi
  • Centrifugation of concentrates is best before culture
A

Lysis centrifugation technique

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5
Q

Collection is not done by medical technologists

A

Lumbar tap

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6
Q

csf must be kept at what temp, and why not be refrigerated

A

37 deg C, it might kill any fungal elements present in the specimen

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7
Q

Almost all body fluids are abundant except for

A

synovial fluid

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8
Q

Both clinical specimens may be processed as blood culture

A

BONE MARROW AND STERILE BODY FLUIDS

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9
Q

ideal urine specimens

A

Midstream
clean-catch
Early morning

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10
Q

how many swabs are required for vaginal and cervical discharges, and what are those for

A

2 swabs: KOH test and culture

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11
Q

urine specimens must be processed by how many hours

A

2hrs (at RT) or refrigerate

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12
Q

subcutaneous samples

A

Lesions
abscesses
tissues

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13
Q

what techniques must be done to collect subcutaneous specimens

A

Needle aspiration or biopsy

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14
Q

machine used to macerate or mash the tissue

A

Stomacher

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15
Q

where can you get muco-cutaneous specimens

A

tongue
throat

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16
Q

how many swabs should be used for muco-cutaneous and what are those for

A

2 swabs: culture and smear

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17
Q

most common clinical specimen

A

CUTANEOUS

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18
Q

suspected organisms for cutaneous

A

dermatophytes

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19
Q

allows the visualization of fluorescence which could aid in collecting the correct hair specimen

A

Woods lamp

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19
Q

culture media perfect for recovery of dermatophytes

A

Mycosel agar

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20
Q

incubation period of skin

A

30 deg C (21 days)

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21
Q

culture media must include

A

Amino acids or urea
Glucose

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22
Q

antimicrobials

A

Cycloheximide + Chloramphenicol
Gentamicin + Chloramphenicol
Ciprofloxacin

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23
Q

TYPES OF CULTURE MEDIA

A

Plated and Tubed

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24
Q

permit the growth of virtually all clinically relevant fungi

A

Non-selective

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24
Q

tailored to isolate specific pathogenic fungi of interest

A

Selective

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25
Q
  • Recovery of (1) saprobic & (2) pathogenic fungi
  • Sufficient for recovery of dermatophytes
  • Initially without antibiotics to isolate C. neoformans,
    candida & aspergillus
  • they are sensitive to Cycloheximide & chloramphenicol
A

SABOURAUD DEXTROSE AGAR

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26
Q
  • (contains 2% dextrose)
  • enhances typical sporulation
  • provides more characteristic colony morphology
A

Emmons modification

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27
Q
  • For the primary recovery of (1) saprophytic and (2)
    dimorphic fungi
A

BRAIN-HEART INFUSION AGAR

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28
Q

for tissue specimen w/ dimorphic fungi

A

BHI with sheep blood + antibiotics

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29
Q

widely used as an INITIAL CULTURE media from collection

A

BHI broth

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30
Q

Primary recovery/ isolation of (1) saprophytic and
(2) dimorphic fungi, particularly fastidious strains.

A

SABOURAUD HEART INFUSION

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31
Q
  • Usually used for research
  • Primary recovery of dimorphic pathogenic fungi
A

INHIBITORY MOLD AGAR

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32
Q
  • General purpose BASAL MEDIUM for the cultivation of yeasts & molds
  • Stimulates sporulation and pigmentation
  • Aids in cultivating and differentiating pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi
  • Commonly used in finding out fungal organisms from food and beverages
  • To control the growth of the contaminating bacterial
    agent
A

POTATO DEXTROSE AGAR

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33
Q

PDA: serves as growth stimulant and carbohydrate source

A

Dextrose

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34
Q

PDA: provides a nutrient base for luxuriant growth of fungi

A

Potato infusion

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35
Q

PDA: ___ it may be added to lower the pH to about ___

A

10% sterile tartaric acid
pH 3.5

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36
Q
  • Primary recovery of (1) saprophytic and (2) dimorphic fungi, particularly fastidious and slow-growing strains
  • Cultivation, isolation, & induction of sporulation
    (Spore formation) of fungi from clinical specimens
A

POTATO FLAKE AGAR

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36
Q

Recommended for the cultivation of yeasts and
molds

A

V-8 AGAR

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37
Q

V-8 AGAR: provides essential growth nutrients

A

Yeast extract

38
Q

V-8 AGAR: Source of amino acids

A

L-asparagine

39
Q

V-8 AGAR: Source of energy

39
Q

V-8 AGAR: supplies the trace ingredients needed to
stimulate the growth of fungal elements
that are found in the specimen.

40
Q
  • Highly selective for dermatophytes
  • For isolation of pathogenic fungi from non-sterile
    materials
A

MYCOSEL/MYCOBIOTIC AGAR

41
Q

Recommended for selective isolation of pathogenic
fungi (dermatophytes) from cutaneous sources

A

DERMATOPHYTE TEST MEDIUM

42
Q

For use in the cultivation of fungi and for the inducement of chlamydospore formation by
Candida albicans

A

CORN MEAL AGAR w/ TWEEN 80

43
Q

Allows the growth of the organism vertically so it would lessen the surface tension on the agar; very helpful for candida so that from the base of the agar
they will go out on the surface.

43
Q

Chlamydospore formation is best seen when the
organisms are incubated

44
Q

C. neoformans are able to release the enzyme

A

phenoloxidase

44
Q

ROUTINE CULTURE MEDIA for fungi but is perfect
for aspergillus

A

CZAPEK AGAR

44
Q

NS: serves as a substrate for the detection of
phenoloxidase

A

Caffeic acid

44
Q

Identification of C. neoformans

A

NIGER SEED/ BIRD SEED AGAR

44
Q

NS: enhances melanization of some strains of
C. neoformans

A

Creatinine

45
Q

The action of phenoloxidase to caffeic acid results in the production of

46
Q
  • Conversion of Blastomyces dermatitidis from mold
    to yeast form
  • Used for dimorphic fungi so that we could
    see their other form
A

COTTONSEED CONVERSION AGAR

47
Q

For differentiation of yeasts by means of their typical chlamydospores and on basis of micromorphological criteria

A

RICE EXTRACT AGAR

47
Q
  • For isolation and differentiation of major clinically
    significant Candida species
  • allows each Candida spp. to produce its characteristic colonies and pigmentation.
A

CHROMAGAR CANDIDA

48
Q
  • Differential media used in the presumptive
    identification of Trichophyton species based on
    nutritional requirements
A

TRICHOPHYTON AGARS

48
Q
  • Detection of C. neoformans
  • Differentiates T. mentagrophytes vs T. rubrum
  • Detection of Trichosporon spp.
49
Q

This method allows the medical technologists to
obtain information regarding the morphology of the
organism

A

DIRECT MICROSCOPIC METHOD

50
Q
  • Directly gather sample from the infected sample site
  • useful for cutaneous specimens
50
Q

destroy keratin layer particularly the hydroxide component

51
Q
  • Not a direct method; sample used is the one that is
    used in the culture
  • a.k.a. AMAN’S MEDIUM
A

LACTOPHENOL COTTON BLUE

51
Q

LPCB: serve as a preservative

A

Lactic acid

52
Q

LPCB: antimicrobial agent; can kill any live organisms in the specimen

53
Q

method used in LPCB

A

Basic Tease Mount

53
Q

LPCB: a stain with affinity to CHITIN and fungal
cell walls

A

Cotton blue

54
Q
  • Can be used by itself, but it is more effective with
    KOH
  • Uses a non-specific fluorochrome that binds to
    CHITIN and CELLULOSE in cell wall of organisms
A

CALCOFLUOR WHITE + KOH

54
Q

method for rapid detection of yeast, fungal elements and parasites

A

Fluorescent staining

54
Q
  • Negative staining method
  • Perfect for encapsulated organisms
  • Capsules appear as clear halo against dark background
55
Q

swabs when collecting the sample.

A

dacron/rayon swabs

55
Q

result in CALCOFLUOR WHITE + KOH

A

apple-green/bluish-white: fungi and parasites
reddish-orange: other materials

56
Q

may intensely fluorescent in Calcofluor white

A

Cotton fibers

57
Q

stain used in Mycelia and Conidia

A

Gridley’s

57
Q

stain used in Black Cell Wall

A

Gomori’s/ Grocott Methenamine Silver

57
Q

stain used in stains hyphae of molds & some yeast

A

Periodic Acid Schiff

58
Q

stain used in Fungi are weakly G (+) but poorly stained and Useful for Candida

A
  • Kinyoun’s AFS
  • Hucker’s Gram Stain
  • H&E
58
Q

stain used in Better demo of B. dermatitidis than wet mounts

A

Papanicolau

58
Q

stain used in detecting intracellular H. capsulatum in blood smears.

A

Giemsa and Wright’s stain

58
Q

stain used in Dematiaceous hyphae

A

Fontana-Masson

59
Q

incubation period
yeast:
molds:

A

30 d Celsius and 22-25 d Celsius for 21 days

59
Q

Allows the medical technologists to see actual
colonies growing in the culture media and take
note the microscopic details that would help in
identifying the organism

A

CULTURE METHOD

59
Q

added to liquefy highly viscous samples & facilitate plating on agar media

A

Mucolytic agents

59
Q

If delayed, the specimen can be refrigerated for a
short time except

A

blood
CSF
skin
hair
nails

59
Q

what level: Inoculations & manipulation of mold
colonies

59
Q

desired humidity to prevent the agar from drying out

60
Q

what level: dimorphic fungi

61
Q

Clean surfaces of BSCs and incubators regularly

A

use 70% ethanol or bleach

62
Q

rate of growth of yeast

A

24hrs to 4 days

63
Q

rate of growth of molds

A

4 days to several weeks

64
Q
  • Most accurate method to preserve & observe
    fungi
  • Fungi are preserved in original state
  • Requires more skill & time than tease mount
  • NOT FOR DIMORPHIC FUNGI because it is too
    open and because the MOT for this is respiratory
    except for Sporothrix
A

SLIDE CULTURE

65
Q
  • Used to differentiate between fungal or bacterial
    organisms
  • Its procedure is similar to COAGULASE TEST
  • To differentiate Candida albicans from other
    Candida spp
A

GERM TUBE TEST

66
Q
  • test to identify T. mentagrophytes
  • Can also utilize soil
A

hair baiting

67
Q

hair baiting incubation period

A

25 deg C for 10 to 14 days

68
Q

CHO Assimilation Test For Yeast

A

BIOCHEMICAL TEST

69
Q

positive results in REDUCTION OF NITRATE TO NITRITE

A

change in color (red) = positive
If negative add Zinc dust
No change in color = positive

70
Q

For PRELIMINARY ID of C. neoformans

A

RAPID UREASE TEST

71
Q
  • Provides enough information to name the
    species of the fungal organism
  • Provide key elements that needed to improve
    management of invasive fungal infections
A

SEROLOGICAL TEST

72
Q
  • Time consuming; mold cultures grow after
    several weeks
  • It has low sensitivity due to the low concentration of the organism in the samples infested.
A

Culture methods

73
Q
  • Detection of specific host immune responses to fungal antigens using immunological reagents
  • Detection and quantitation of specific fungal metabolite byproducts
A

Non-culture methods

74
Q
  • Good for Cryptococcosis
  • Detect polysaccharide antigen
  • Qualitative & semi-quantitative
A

LATEX AGGLUTINATION

75
Q

Look for antibodies of specific antigens

A

IMMUNODIFFUSION

76
Q

Precipitation Band in Active infection

77
Q

Precipitation Band in Early/Chronic Infection

78
Q
  • Microbroth dilution breakpoint test
  • Allows us to identify which concentration of drugs is susceptible

MYCOLOGY AND VIROLOGY (8 decks)

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