F1: HEPATITIS A,B,C,D,E Flashcards
genus and family of HAV
Genus: Hepatovirus
Family: Picornaviridae
structure of HAV
● 27 to 32 nm spherical particle
● Cubic symmetry
● A linear single stranded RNA
● 7.5kb
content of HAV
● Capsid
● Viral Protein Genome
what internal organ is affected when you have HAV
liver
incubation period of HAV
10-25 days
Most prominent Sign and Symptom of HAV
yellowing skin/sclera
other symptoms of HAV
fever
stomach pain
darkened urine
light colored stool
serologic assays for HAV
PCR
ELISA
what specimen does HAV usually first detected 2 weeks before and after the onset of jaundice
stool
HAV: Usually peaks 2 weeks after the elevation of LIVER ENZYMES
Anti-HAV IgM
HAV: Usually detected AFTER the onset of disease and could persist for a long time
Anti-HAV IgG
treatment of HAV
No specific treatment
in virus inactivation you should heat the food at what temp for how long
85C for 1minute
HAV: disinfectants that will be used for surface disinfection
sodium hypochlorite
chlorine
ways (?) or other process for virus destruction in HAV
autoclave
boiling
dry heating (180 for 1Hr) (160 for 2hrs)
ultraviolet (11watts for 1min)
treatment with formalin or chlorine (10-15ppm for 30mins.)
— formalin 3 days at 37C
prevention and control of HAV
hepatitis a vaccination
good hand hygiene
Enveloped dsDNA; Icosahedral capsid
HEPATITIS B
3 forms of hepatitis B
spherical
tubular
dane particle
genus and family of HBV
genus: orthohepadnaviridae
family: hepadnaviridae
contents of HBV
hepatitis b surface antigen
hepatitis b core antigen
viral dna genome
t/f: HBV Can survive OUTSIDE the body and can remain infectious for more than 7 days
false,, atleast 7 days
incubation period of HBV
90 days to 2 months
most common symptoms of HBV
jaundice
loss of appetite
vomiting
fever
fatigue
nausea
HBV: 1st to appear in the SERUM (once there is infxn)
Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)
HBV:
- CANNOT be detected in the serum but can be detected through LIVER BIOPSY
- fond inside HEPATOCYTES
- means that the virus is actively multiplying in the liver (Viral Replication)
- Perform Immunohistochemistry
Hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg)
HBV:
- appears in the serum
- Presence indicates INFECTIVITY of the
individuals (Viral Infection)
Hepatitis B envelope antigen
treatment for HBV
no medication available
prevention and control of HBV
getting vaccinated
genus and family of HCV
genus: hepacivirus
family: flaviviridae
Single-stranded RNA genome surrounded by icosahedral capsid with envelope.
HEPATITIS C
symptom onset of HCV
2-12 weeks
screening test for HCV
enzyme immunoassay
confirmatory test for HCV
RT-PCR & RIBA
to determine the degree of liver damage; chronic HCV
Liver Biopsy
treatment for HCV
- PEGylated interferon combined with ribavirin
- Antiviral therapy
- Telaprevir and boceprevir
- Sofosbuvir
- Orthotopic liver transplantation
t/f: HDV is more severe than the other type of Hepatitis viruses
true
HDV: usually produced in the early stages of infection
Small delta antigen
- SMALLEST virus known to infect animals, therefore it is not really a full virus, but considered a SATELLITE VIRUS/SUBVIRAL AGENT.
- Small, Spherical, Single-stranded, enveloped particle with Hepa B surface antigen, and negative-sense RNA molecule
- Genetic material is wrapped in HBsAg
HEPATITIS D
HDV: produced in the later stages of infection
Large delta antigen
what are the symptoms of HDV and how long it will last
fatigue
lethargy
anorexia
nausea
3-7 days
HDV incubation period
3-7 weeks
in HDV what symptom will occur after the phase of symptoms
jaundice
occurs when both HDV and HBV contracted
simultaneously
Co-infection
occurs when Chronic HBV carriers are infected with
HDV
Superinfection
serologic tests that Detects the total anti-HDV antibodies
Radioimmunoassay (RIA) & Enzyme
Immunoassay (EIA)
serologic test that monitor any ongoing HDV infection and detects 10-100 copies of HDV genome in
infected serum
Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain
Reaction (RT-PCR)
treatment for HDV
No specific treatment for HDV
PEGylated interferon alpha
genus and family of HEV
genus: hepevirus
family: hepeviridae
other names of HEV
enteric hepatitis
self-limiting hepatitis
Most common cause of Acute Hepatitis
HEPATITIS E
what organ does HEV occur
liver
incubation period of HEV in the liver
20-40 days
HEV mode of transmission
fecal-oral
vertical
zoonotic
breastfeeding
HEV diagnosis
serology
HEV treatment
supportive
HEV prevention
avoid contact with the virus
GENOTYPE 1
Geographic location:
Transmission route:
Groups at high risk for infection:
Zoonotic transmission:
Chronic infection:
Occurrence of Outbreaks:
Geographic location: Africa and Asia
Transmission route: Waterborne, fecal-oral; person-to-person
Groups at high risk for infection: Young adults
Zoonotic transmission: no
Chronic infection: no
Occurrence of Outbreaks: Common
GENOTYPE 2
Geographic location:
Transmission route:
Groups at high risk for infection:
Zoonotic transmission:
Chronic infection:
Occurrence of Outbreaks:
Geographic location: Mexico, West Africa
Transmission route: Waterborne, fecal-oral
Groups at high risk for infection: Young adults
Zoonotic transmission: no
Chronic infection: no
Occurrence of Outbreaks: Smaller scale outbreaks
GENOTYPE 3
Geographic location:
Transmission route:
Groups at high risk for infection:
Zoonotic transmission:
Chronic infection:
Occurrence of Outbreaks:
Geographic location: Developed Countries
Transmission route: Food-borne
Groups at high risk for infection: Older Adults (>40years) and males, Immuno-compromised persons
Zoonotic transmission: YES
Chronic infection: YES
Occurrence of Outbreaks: Uncommon
GENOTYPE 4
Geographic location:
Transmission route:
Groups at high risk for infection:
Zoonotic transmission:
Chronic infection:
Occurrence of Outbreaks:
Geographic location: China, Taiwan, Japan
Transmission route: Food-borne
Groups at high risk for infection: Young adults
Zoonotic transmission: YES
Chronic infection: no
Occurrence of Outbreaks: Uncommon
liver function tests and results
serum bilirubin, ast, alt (all increased)
confirmatory test in HEV
nucleic acid testing
treatment and management of HEV
● Hepatitis E usually resolves on its own without treatment (Typically advised to rest)
● There is no specific antiviral therapy for acute hepatitis E
● Patients who do develop fulminant liver failure need liver transplantation
