Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

*EXERCISE PRESCRIPTION LAB > LAB3- VO2max Testing > Flashcards

LAB3- VO2max Testing Flashcards

1
Q

what does VO2 max testing measure

A

the maximal amount of oxygen the body uses while exercising at maximal levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the most valid + accurate way to assess cardiorespiratory fitness

A

VO2 max testing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

VO2 max definition

A

an increase in workload (intensity) and no increase in oxygen consumption (a plateau)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Q stands for

A

cardiac output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

a-VO2 difference

A

arteriovenous oxygen difference

-the difference in oxygen content between arterial + venous blood
-measure of how much oxygen is removed from the blood as it passes through the body’s capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what equation determines VO2

A

Fick principle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

**Fick principle

(be able to recite)

A

VO2 = Q x a-VO2 difference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

who created Fick principle

A

Adolf Fick
-1870

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does Fick principle do

A

theoretically calculates total body oxygen consumption
-can also help explain adaptations to cardiovascular exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

central component of VO2

A

cardiac output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

peripheral component of VO2

A

a-VO2 difference (arteriovenous difference)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

cardiac output equation

A

Q = HR x SV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

heart rate

A

the rate of heart contractions per minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

does maximal heart rate change with chronic cardiovascular training

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

most of the population variation in VO2 max is due to what

A

differences in stroke volume
-it is estimated that 70-85% of limitation in VO2 max is due to maximal stroke volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

stroke volume

A

the amount of blood ejected by the heart with each contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

is stroke volume influenced by cardiovascular training

A

yes, HEAVILY influenced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

arteriovenous difference

A

a measure of the amount of oxygen that is extracted from the blood by the tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is arteriovenous difference influenced by

A

-capillary density surrounding muscle
-skeletal muscle mitochondrial density
-skeletal muscle mitochondria function
-myoglobin content in skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

adaptations following aerobic endurance training

A

(in order from greatest change to least)

-aerobic enzymes
-oxidative potential of FT fibers
-glycogen
-capillary density
-VO2 max
-cross-sectional area of ST fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

factors that can influence components of VO2 max

A

-genetics
-age
-gender
-body composition (body fat %)
-training

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the biggest determinant of VO2 max

A

genetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

factors that can influence components of VO2 max

which factors are uncontrollable

A

-age
-height
-gender

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

factors that can influence components of VO2 max

which factors are controllable

A

body composition + training

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

factors that can influence components of VO2 max

what % of variance in VO2 max values is accounted for by genetics

A

25-50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

factors that can influence components of VO2 max

genetics

A

individual genetic makeup predetermines a range of VO2 max values
-everyone has a CEILING set by genetics that is uncontrollable no matter what
-you could follow the same steps as someone else + still not be as good as them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

factors that can influence components of VO2 max

what age does VO2 max peak

A

15-20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

factors that can influence components of VO2 max

what % decrease in VO2 max per decade from age

A

8-10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

factors that can influence components of VO2 max

gender differences

A

males have 15-20% greater VO2 max than females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

factors that can influence components of VO2 max

other gender factors into VO2 max

A

-women are predisposed to more fat
-men die earlier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

factors that can influence components of VO2 max

by what % does training improve VO2 max

A

5-25%
-predominantly from imrpovements in stroke volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

factors that can influence components of VO2 max

training improves VO2 max predominantly from improvements in what

A

stroke volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is increased cardiovascular fitness associated with

A

decreased risk of disease + all-cause mortality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

in seniors, what is maximal aerobic power related to

A

the functional independence of seniors in the execution of their activities of daily living

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what athlete performance is heavily dependent on VO2

A

endurance athletes (distance runners, swimmers, cyclist, rowers, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

VO2 is subjective/objective

A

objective
-tells us where we are at in our training + based on where we are at, we can adapt from there

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

main reasons for VO2

A

-training (we have a goal, see where we stand, + where to improve)
-health (disease prevention)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

we are more inclined to run VO2 test on younger/older people

A

older people
-because older people are declining + therefore more disposed to disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

how many ways can VO2 be reported

A

2
-absolute or relative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

2 types of VO2

A

-absolute VO2
-relative VO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what do we need to convert between absolute + relative VO2

A

BW of the client

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

absolute VO2

A

directly related to body size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

units of absolute VO2

A

L/min
-or mL/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

without knowing BW, can cardiovascular fitness be assessed using absolute VO2

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what is absolute VO2 used to express

A

energy expenditure in weight-bearing or non-weight-bearing exercises

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

relative VO2

A

used to compare across individuals
-accounts for BW, which helps compare amongst a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

units of relative VO2

A

mL/kg/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what is relative VO2 used to express

A

energy expenditure in weight-bearing exercises

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

is it common that we actively record a VO2 max on a client

A

RARE
-because of extreme effort that is required to hit an actual VO2 max

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what is measured during a VO2 max test, regardless of whether or not a plateau was reached

A

highest rate of oxygen consumption measured during the test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

if you don’t hit a VO2 max, what do you hit

A

VO2 peak

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

main difference between max + peak

A

in a max, you hit plateau

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

is VO2 peak a valid index of VO2 max

A

for some

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

VO2 peak shortcoming

A

does not clearly indicate the level of performance an athlete/participant is capable of reaching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

is VO2 peak as good of a baseline assessment for exercise prescription as a VO2 max

A

not as good
-since it is not very reproducible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

**indices of attained VO2 max (5)

A

-plateau in VO2 (less than 150 mL/min) with an increase in work
-HR plateau
-RER of 1.15 or more
-venous lactate concentration of 8 mmol/L or more
-RPE of 17 or more on Borg scale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

which indice of attained VO2 max is the gold standard

A

plateau in VO2 (less than 150 mL/min) with an increase in work

58
Q

**indices of attained VO2 max- plateau criteria

A

VO2 decreases by 150 mL/min

59
Q

**indices of attained VO2 max- RER criteria

A

RER = 1.15 or more

60
Q

**indices of attained VO2 max- venous lactate concentration criteria

A

8 mmol/L or more

61
Q

**indices of attained VO2 max- RPE criteria

A

17 or more on Borg scale

62
Q

if plateau in VO2 isn’t met on VO2 max, what is the requirement to be considered a valid VO2 max

A

if VO2 plateau isn’t met, AT LEAST 2 of the other indices must be met

63
Q

RER stands for

A

respiratory exchange ratio

64
Q

RER

A

how much air you are exhaling vs inhaling

65
Q

RER ratio

A

CO2 / O2
-(exhale / inhale)

66
Q

how do we expect RER to change throughout test

A

-in beginning of test, we expect ratio to be less than 1 because more O2 in than CO2 out (most people are around 0.6-0.8 in beginning)
-towards end, more CO2 out than O2 in

67
Q

why is Borg 6-20

A

becaused based off 20 year old HR (6-100)
-SO if HR is about 70, they should be feeling around a 7

68
Q

uses for Borg vs modified Borg

A

-Borg is for healthy, younger people (virtually everyone except for older populations)
-modified Borg used for older populations

69
Q

what is a biohazard for venous lactate concentration

A

carpet

70
Q

what are the most valid + accurate way used to assess VO2 max

A

maximal exercise test protocols

71
Q

what can maximal protocols be used to estimate

A

VO2 max
-or in conjuction with the collection of respiratory gases (open or closed-circuit spirometry) to measure VO2 max

72
Q

most of the protocols in regular use are what

A

graded exercise tests (GXTs)

73
Q

what do maximal GXTs use

A

progressive increases in workload until no more can be tolerated by the body

74
Q

what is the most common mode of exercise used for GXTs

A

treadmill

75
Q

most common maximal treadmill GXT protocols

A

-Bruce protocol
-Astrand protocol
-Balke protocol
-Naughton protocol
-Ellestad protocol
-Cornell protocol

76
Q

what protocol are we using in this class

A

Bruce

77
Q

Robert A. Bruce

A

developed a protocol for increasing speed + grade on a motorized treadmill to test the cardiovascular system

78
Q

Robert Bruce analogy to car

A

-he wanted to test cardiac patients’ hearts + likened it to buying a used caar
-he said you wouldn’t buy a used car without testing the engine first

79
Q

what did Robert Bruce do in 1963

A

released a scientific paper that detailed a multi-stage GXT that would become known as the Bruce protocol

80
Q

what is Bruce protocol considered gold standard for

A

detecting myocardial ischemia when used in combination with ECG

81
Q

is Bruce protocol the best protocol for athletes particularly runners

A

no
-because it often causes localized muscular fatigue before the subject reaches maximal oxygen consumption

82
Q

Bruce protocol- duration of each stage

A

3 minutes

83
Q

Bruce protocol- beginning workload

A

1.7 mph
10% grade

84
Q

grade

A

incline

85
Q

Bruce protocol- ideal population

A

young + fit individuals
-however often used in older adults that need diagnostic testing when a physician is present

86
Q

drawbacks of Bruce protocol

A

no plateau in VO2 commonly seen

87
Q

**Bruce protocol- stage 1

(duration, speed, grade)

A

min 0-3
1.7 mph
10% grade

88
Q

**Bruce protocol- stage 2

(duration, speed, grade)

A

min 3-6
2.5 mph
12% grade

89
Q

**Bruce protocol- stage 3

(duration, speed, grade)

A

min 6-9
3.4 mph
14% grade

90
Q

**Bruce protocol- stage 4

(duration, speed, grade)

A

min 9-12
4.2 mph
16% grade

91
Q

**Bruce protocol- stage 5

(duration, speed, grade)

A

min 12-15
5 mph
18% grade

92
Q

**Bruce protocol- stage 6

(duration, speed, grade)

A

15-18
5.5 mph
20% grade

93
Q

**Bruce protocol- stage 7

(duration, speed, grade)

A

min 18-21
6 mph
22% grade

94
Q

**Bruce protocol- recovery stage

(duration, speed, grade)

A

0-3 min long
2.5 mph
0% grade

95
Q

what does the Bruce protocol have to estimate VO2

A

estmination equations
-like many popular maximal protocols

96
Q

is there greater accuracy with actual VO2 measurement with spirometry or estimating

A

actual measurement
-however, if the equipment isn’t available to perform spirometry performing a maximal test, estimating will result in a more accurate VO2 than a submaximal test

97
Q

what are VO2 max estimation equations based off of

A

research data for a specific population that was used to create a linear regression

98
Q

open vs closed-circuit spirometry

A

-open: getting air from outside sources
-closed: getting air from a reserve, closed source

99
Q

why is closed-circuit spirometry better

A

we know exactly what they are breathing; don’t have to account for humidity, more controllable

100
Q

in our lab, what type of spirometry will be used

A

open-circuit

101
Q

what does open-circuit spirometry measure

A

changes in oxygen + carbon dioxide % in expired air relative to the composition of ambient air
-can calculate oxygen consumption

102
Q

open or closed-circuit spirometry is more common

A

open

103
Q

our lab uses what machine for spirometry

A

Parvo Medics TrueOne 2400
(metabolic cart)

104
Q

parts of metabolic cart (Parvo Medics TrueOne 2400)

A

(collective force, need all these pieces to work)
-breathing tube
-mixing chamber
-pressure tubes
-measurement module
-pneumotach
-air intake

105
Q

describe how the metabolic cart works

A

air enters the tube from the right side of the mask into the breathing tube (open-circuit) ->

air goes through penumotach; there is a pressure + flow gauge on each side which allows us to measure the volume of air ->

the air enters a mixing chamber because at the beginning of expiration, composition is higher in O2 + lower in CO2 than at the end of expiration; thus, it needs to be mixed ->

a sampling line goes from the mixing chamber to the measurement module which has individual analyzers for O2 + CO2

106
Q

what is whole body VO2 determined from

A

cardiovascular or respiratory measurements

107
Q

2 equations to determine VO2

A

-Fick equation (VO2 = CO x aVO2 difference)
-VO2 = VIFIO2 - VEFEO2

108
Q

VO2 = VIFIO2 - VEFEO2 coefficients stand for what

A

-I = inspired
-E = expired
-V = volume
-F = fraction

109
Q

from the equation VO2 = VIFIO2 - VEFEO2, what values do we know

A

FIO2

110
Q

from the equation VO2 = VIFIO2 - VEFEO2, what values do we measure

A

-VE
-FEO2
-FECO2

111
Q

from the equation VO2 = VIFIO2 - VEFEO2, what values do we estimate

A

VI

112
Q

from the equation VO2 = VIFIO2 - VEFEO2, which value is needed to estimate VI

A

FECO2

113
Q

FIO2

A

fraction of oxygen in inspired air

114
Q

FIO2 value

A

0.2095

115
Q

FEO2

A

fraction of oxygen in expired air

116
Q

FEO2 value

A

variable

117
Q

what mask do we use

A

7450 Series Silicone V2 Oro-Nasal Mask with 5 Strap Adjustable Headgear

118
Q

what valves do we use for mask

A

Hans Rudolph 2-way Non-Rebreathing valves

119
Q

order of assembled valve for mask

A

-exhalation port tube
-stopper
-diaphragm
-support ring
-mouth port tube
-body
-diaphragm
-ring
-inhalation port tube

120
Q

in order to have an accurate VO2 max test, what must we do to the Parvo Medics metabolic cart

A

calibrate to ensure accurate measurements are being recorded

121
Q

what 2 values must be calibrated to ensure accurate measurements

A

-volume of air being received by the metabolic cart (volume calibration)
-composition of the air being received by the metabolic cart (gas calibration)

122
Q

general GXT procedures

A

-prior to explaining the test, make sure all assistants helping with the test understand their role
-make sure the client has filled out all necessary forms (informed consent, PAR-Q, health-history questionnaire)
-review the test instructions with the client; let them know it is a maximal test, however they can stop whenever they want
-obtain resting values of HR + BP
-have the client straddle the treadmill, start the treadmill at the warmup speed, + have the client test the treadmill with 1 foot until they are comfortable with the speed + ready to start walking

123
Q

how long do we have the client warmup for GXT

A

2-3 min

124
Q

once the first stage has started, what values do we monitor throughout the test

A

-HR
-BP
-RPE
-physican appearance/symptoms

125
Q
A
126
Q

when do we discontinue the test

A

when termination criteria are met or client asks to stop

127
Q

what do we have client do after termination of test

A

cool down, continue monitoring HR + BP

128
Q

Gunnar Borg

A

developed the idea of perceived exertion scale in the late 1960’s + published a paper describing the scale in 1982

129
Q

Borg scale

A

asks the client to rate how hard they’re working on a scale of 6-20, with 6 being no effort at all + 20 being all-out max

130
Q

Borg scale was designed so that it could be compared to what

A

HR (an indicator of cardiovascular exertion)

131
Q

what can we do if a client’s perceived exertion is largely equal to their measured cardiovascular exertion (HR)

A

RPE x 10 = (+/- bpm) of their HR

132
Q

if a client’s perceived exertion is coming from another source other than cardiovascular exertion (HR)…

A

RPE x 10 will be much higher than their HR

133
Q

if a client is perceiving the exertion that they are truly performing with their cardiovascular system

A

RPE x 10 will be much lower than their HR

134
Q

Borg scale values

A

6- no exertion, sitting + resting
7- extremely light
8
9- very light
10
11- light
12
13- somewhat hard
14
15- hard
16
17- very hard
18
19- extremely hard
20- maximal exertion

135
Q

general indications for stopping an exercise test

A

-onset of angina or angina-like symptoms
-drop in SBP of at least 10 mmHg with an increase in work rate or if SBP decreases below the value obtained in the same position prior to testing
-excessive rise in BP; SBP > 250 mmHg and/or DBP > 115 mmHg
-shortness of breath, wheezing, leg cramps, or claudication
-signs of poor perfusion: light-headedness, confusion, ataxis, pallor, cyanosis, nausea, or cold + clammy skin
-failure of HR to increase with increased exercise intensity
-noticeable change in heart rhythm by palpation or auscultation
-subject requests to stop
-physical or verbal manifestations of severe fatigue
-failure of the testing equipment

136
Q

general indications for stopping an exercise test- drop in SBP

A

-drop in SBP of at least 10 mmHg with increase in work rate
-or if SBP decreases below the value obtained in same position prior to testing

137
Q

general indications for stopping an exercise test- rise in BP

A

-SBP > 250 mmHg
-DBP > 115 mmHg

138
Q

general indications for stopping an exercise test- signs of poor perfusion

A

-light-headedness
-confusion
-ataxia
-pallor
-cyanosis
-nausea
-cold + clammy skin

139
Q

what client information + resting data is collected

A

-name
-age
-date
-height
-weight
-medications
-clinical history
-informed consent form signed (yes/no)
-resting BP
-resting HR
-resting ECG interpretation (normal/abnormal)

140
Q

clean up procedures

A

-make sure mask, mouth piece, + hoses are placed in a plastic container
-discard all gauze/alcohol wipes + towels
-remove gloves + discard them
-wash your hands thoroughly with soap + warm water

*EXERCISE PRESCRIPTION LAB (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions