LAB 10- Balance Assessments Flashcards
balance is a key component of ____
functional fitness
balance is skill/health-related component of fitness
skill-related
what does balance demand
high levels of other components of fitness (e.g., strength, flexibility, reaction time, coordination)
balance training is emerging as what
one of the top 10 exercise trends
for seniors, why is balance extremely important
to maintenance of independent living status + successful completion of ADLs
what does balance training help prevent
falls
**define balance
the ability to keep the body’s center of gravity (COG) within the base of support when maintaining a static position, performing voluntary movements, or reacting to external disturbances
**3 types of balance
-static
-dynamic
-functional
**static balance
the ability to maintain COG within the supporting base while standing or sitting
**dynamic balance
maintaining an upright position while COG + base of support are moving + the COG is moving outside of the supporting base
**functional balance
the ability to perform daily movement tasks requiring balance
**the further the COG from the base of support…
lower stability
**the bigger (broader) the base of support…
higher stability
what 2 programs increase the ability to maintain + improve balance through improving stability
resistance training + stretching programs
what exercises can challenge balance response + provide variety
exercising on unstable surfaces
____, ____, + ____ programs are more effective than ____ for reducing risk of falling
-balance, resistance, + flexibility training
-endurance training
has an optimal fall prevention program been significantly identified yet
no
what do fall prevention programs generally include
a mix of balance, resistance, flexibility, + plyometric exercises
many balance test batteries are ____
comprehensive
-include multiple test items to assess both static + dynamic balance
are there test batteries solely for dynamic/static/functional
yes
how are DIRECT measures of balance obtained
using computerized force plate devices
-very similar to tire alignment + balance
**3 static balance tests
-Romberg tests
-unipedal stance test
-clinical test of sensory integration of balance
Romberg tests
measure static balance while standing with eyes open + eyes closed
-named after Moritz Romberg
-incorrectly used as a field sobriety
-multiple variations
static balance test
unipedal stance test
timed one-leg stance test that provides simple measure of static balance
-two conditions: eyes open/eyes closed
-multiple variations- flamingo, stork, etc.
static balance test
clinical test of sensory integration of balance
evaluates the contributions of the visual, proprioception, + vestibular sensory systems to balance
static balance test
**3 dynamic balance tests
-functional reach tests
-timed up + go tests
-star excursion balance test
functional reach tests
measure maximum distance one can reach beyond an arm’s length without losing balance or moving the feet
dynamic balance test
timed up and go tests
assess dynamic balance + agility of older adults
dynamic balance test
star excursion balance test
provides a significant challenge to athletes + physically active individuals
dynamic balance test
static + dynamic balance tests are direct/indirect
indirect
Y-balance test
allows us to quarter the body + look at how the core + each extremity function under body weight loads
what can the Y-balance test device + protocol be used for
measuring pre + post rehabilitation performance, improvement after performance enhancement programs, dynamic balance for fitness programs, + return to sport readiness
Y-balance test is a modification of what
star excuration balance test (SEBT)
2 parts of the Y-balance test
-low quarter (YBT-LQ)
-upper quarter (YBT-UQ)
YBT-LQ- what leg is being assessed
the leg you are STANDING ON
as an integral part of Functional Movement Systems, the Y Balance Test is a thoroughly researched, yet easy way to test a client’s ____ as well as demonstrate ____
-motor control
-functional symmetry
Y-balance test- “medial” means
on medial side of PLANTED LEG
Y-balance test- “posterior lateral” means
curtsy squat
how many trials are given to each part of Y-balance test
-5 practical trials
-3 actual trials
how is each segment of the Y-balance test scored
take the highest of the 3 trials
Y-balance testing order
-R anterior reach
-L anterior reach
-R posteromedial reach
-L posteromedial reach
-R posterolateral reach
-L posterolateral reach
4 test faults of Y-balance test
-kicking push box
-not returning to starting position under control
-touching down during reach
-foot on top of stance plate
**what do we measure for Y-balance test
limb length
-ASIS to medial malleolus in cm
equation for composite score of Y-balance test
[(ant + PL + PM)/ (3)(limb length)] x 100
qualification for symmetry of anterior segment of Y-balance test
4cm or less
qualification for symmetry of PM/PL segments of Y-balance test
6cm or less
muscular flexibility is a component of skill/health-related fitness
health-related fitness
define flexibility
ROM of a joint or group of joints, as per the skeletal muscles + not any external forces
how can static flexibilty be achieved
through the use of gravitational force, a partner, or specific exercise equipment
define dynamic flexibility
the full ROM of a given joint acheived through the voluntary use of skeletal muscles in combination with external forces
does ROM of 1 particular joint predict the ROM of other joints
no
can 1 assessment tell you overall ROM for an individual
no
flexibility assessment proticol
goniometer
goniometer
similar to a protractor + is used to measure a joint’s ROM expressed in degrees
arms of goniometer
2 arms
-STABILIZATION ARM that is fixed to the proximal body segment
-MOVEMENT ARM that follows the distal body segment as it is moved through its ROM
where is the axis of the goniometer placed
at a predetermined anatomical landmark, generally at the joint axis of rotation
sit-and-reach test
indirect measure of static flexibility of lower back + hamstring group
assessment procedures of sit-and-reach test
-perform dynamic warm-up followed by a light static stretch
-place sit-and-reach box on a flat surface
-feet are flat against the box (no shoes)
-back of knees are in contact with the floor plus low back, shoulders, + head are in contact with a wall
-place a large yard or meter stick on top of the box (no need for measurement device if box is equipped)
-client reaches forward, bending at the waist with legs flat against the floor
-exhale + drop the head between the arms
-at the end point, hold this position for 2 s + then relax
-perform three times + measure to the nearest 0.25 in (0.6 cm)
-record the best result + compare to table
how long must patient hold for sit-and-reach test to be sufficient
2 seconds
