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Module 2 > Lab Values- Unit 1 Exam > Flashcards

Lab Values- Unit 1 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is all included in a CBC (complete blood count)

A
  1. RBC**
  2. Hgb**
    3.Hct**
    4.MCV
  3. MCH
  4. MCHC
  5. RDW
  6. Platelet**
  7. WBC**
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2
Q

What does a RBC level tell us?

A

of red cells per ML/blood

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3
Q

What does a Hgb level tell us?

A

O2 carrying protien

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4
Q

What does a Hct level tell us?

A

Packed volume of RBC’s , % of total volume

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5
Q

What does MCV level tell us?

Didn’t stress in lecture review and move on

A

Cell size (normocytic, macro and micro)

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6
Q

What does MCH level tell us?
Wasn’t stressed in lecture can review and skip

A

Amount of Hgb (o2 carrying protien) per cell

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7
Q

What does the MCHC level tell us?
Wasn’t stressed in lecture… review and move on.

A

Hgb(o2 carrying protien)/Hct(packed volume of RBCs, % of total volume) per 100mL/RBC’s

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8
Q

What does the RDW level tell us?
Was not stressed in lecture.. review and move on

A

Red cell distribution width

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9
Q

What does the platelet level tell us?

A

Number of plt. per cc/blood

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10
Q

What does the WBC level tell us?

A

number of white cells per ML/blood

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11
Q

What are lab values used for?

A
  1. Screening
  2. Diagnosis
  3. Monitoring
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12
Q

What are some factors that may affect lab values?

A
  1. Age
  2. Gender
  3. Race
  4. Pregnancy
  5. Food ingestion
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13
Q

What is the normal ranges of a Erythrocyte Count (RBC)

A

3.89-5.40 M/uL

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14
Q

What should we know about Erythrocyte (RBC) count?

A
  1. The number of circulating RBC’s in 1mm3 of blood
  2. Carry Oxygen
  3. Contain Hemoglobin molecules
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15
Q

RBC contain ___?___ molecules?

A

Hemoglobin Molecules

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16
Q

What are some RBC indices?
Did not go over in class– review and move on

A

1.MCV- Cell size (normocytic, macro, micro)
2.RDW- Red cell distribution width
3.MCH- Amount of Hgb (o2 carrying protein)
4.MCHC- Hgb (o2 carrying protein)/ hct (packed volume of RBC’s, % of total volume).

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17
Q

What is the normal level of MCV lab?

Didn’t stress review and move on

A

80-95fL

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18
Q

What is the normal level of a RDW lab?

Didn’t stress during lecture review and move on

A

11-14.5 %

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19
Q

What is the normal level of MCH lab?
Didnt stress in class review and move on

A

27-31 pg

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20
Q

What is the normal level of MCHC lab?

A

32-36 g/dL

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21
Q

What could a high erythrocyte count (RBC) indicate?

A
  1. Conginital heart disease
  2. Severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
  3. Polycythemia vera (chronic blood disorder)
  4. Severe dehydration
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22
Q

What could a low erythrocyte count (RBC) indicate?

** emphasized in class***
Double check

A
  1. Anemia **
  2. hemoglobinopathy
  3. cirrhosis
  4. hemolytic anemia **
  5. hemorrhage **
  6. dietary deficiency
  7. bone marrow failure
  8. prosthetic valves
  9. renal disease
  10. normal pregnancy **
  11. Rheumatoid arthritis
  12. Lymphoma
  13. Leukemia
  14. Hodkin disease
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23
Q

What does a hemoglobin (Hgb or Hb) tell us?

A

Measurement of the total amount of Hgb in the blood.

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24
Q

What is the normal range for a hemoglobin (Hgb or Hb) lab?

A

12-16 g/dL

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25
What is a hematocrit (Hct) lab draw?
It gives us a indirect measurement of RBC number and volume
26
What is the normal level for hematocrit lab?
37.0-47.0 %
27
What is one reason a patient may have a hematocrit lab drawn?
If the doctor suspects that they are anemic--- it is part of routine testing and anemia evalulation.
28
What are considered critical values on hematocrit lab?
<15 or >60%
29
What could a high hematocrit (Hct) level indicate?
1. Erythrocytosis 2. Congenital heart disease 3. Severe COPD 4. Polycythemia vera 5. Severe Dehydration
30
What could a low hematocrit (Hct) level indicate?
1. Anemia 2. hemoglobinopathy 3. cirrhosis 4. hemolytic anemia 5. hemorrhage 6. dietary deficiency 7. bone marrow failure 8. prosthetic valves 9. renal disease 10. Normal pregnancy 11.rhematoid arthritis 12. lymphoma 13. Leukemia 14. Hodgkins disease
31
What is anemia?
Decrease in number of RBC's (erythrocytes)
32
What are some causes of anemia?
1. Impaired RBC production 2. Blood loss 3. RBC destruction or a combination of all 3
33
What are two classifications of anemia? Wasn’t stressed— move on
1. Etiology (add def after lecture) 2. Morphology (add def after lecture)
34
What is the normal level of a platelet count (thrombocytes)?
150,000
35
What does the platelet count tell you?
1. Actual count of the number of platelets (thrombocytes) per cubic mL of blood
36
Where are platelets formed?
Bone Marrow
37
What could a high platelet (thrombocytosis) count indicate?
1. Malignant disorders 2. Polycythemia vera 3. Post splenectomy syndroms 4. rheumatoid arthritis 5. Iron deficiency anemia
38
Platelet counts >1 million are at risk for.....
clotting
39
Platelet counts > 600,000 are at risk for....
potential problems
40
What could low platelets (thrombocytopenia) level indicate?
1. Hypersplenism 2. hemorrhage 3. immune thrombocytopenia 4. leukemia 5. thrombotic thrombocytopenia 6. graves disease 7. inherited disorders, 8 DIC 9. Pernicious anemia 10. hemolytic anemia 11. cancer 12. chemotherapy 13. Infection
41
Platelet counts below 50,000 are indications of what?
Significant bleeding
42
What is the normal level for Total WBC's (leukocytes) lab?
3.6-10.8 K/uL
43
What does a total wbc's or Leukocyte lab tell us?
1. Measurement of total WBC count
44
True or false: Total WBC's is part of routine testing on a CBC?
True
45
What is white cell differential count?
Percentage of each type of leukocyte present in the specimen
46
What could a high WBC's (leukocytosis) count indicate?
1. Infection 2. Inflammation 3. Tissue necrosis 4. Sepsis 5. Leukemic neoplasia 6. Trauma 7. stress 8. dehydration 9. Thyroid storm.
47
What could a low WBC's (leukopenia) count indicate?
1. Bone marrow failure 2. chemo 3. Radiation therapy 4. Overwhelming infections, 5. Autoimmune disorders
48
What is included in a WBC differential?
1. Neutrophils 2. Lymphocytes 3. Monocytes 4. Eosinophils 5. Basophils
49
What is the normal level of neutrophils?
50-70%
50
What is the normal level of Lymphocytes?
20-40%
51
What is the normal level of monocytes?
2-8%
52
What is the normal level of eosinophils?
1-4%
53
What is the normal level of basophils?
0.5-1.0%
54
What is Leukocytosis:
abnormally large number of leukocytes --- WBC> 10,000 cells/mL3
55
What is lymphocytosis?
Form of actual or relative leukocytosis due to increase in numbers of lymphocytes
56
What is a left shift (WBC definitions)?
1. Increase in the number of immature neutrophils (bands or stabs) found in the blood.
57
What all is looked at in a CMP (complete metabolic panel)?
1.glucose 2. calcium 3. chloride 4. potassium 5. CO2 6. BUN 7. Creatinine PLUS 1. ALP 2. AST 3.ALT 4. Bilirubin 5. total protein 6. Albumin 7. Globulin
58
What can a BMP tell us about?
1. Kidney Function 2. Blood glucose 3. Acid/base balance 4. Electrolyte imbalance
59
What does a BMP include?
1. Blood Urea nitrogen 2. Creatinine 3. Glucose 4. Carbon dioxide content 5. Calcium 6. Chloride 7. Potassium 8. Sodium
60
What is the normal level of Blood urea nitrogen?
10-20 mg/dL
61
what is the normal level of creatinine?
1. 0.5-1.1 mg/dL
62
What is the normal level of Glucose?
1. 70-110 mg/dL
63
What is the normal level of calcium?
1. 9-10.8 mg/dL
64
What is the normal level of potassium?
1. 3.5-5.0 mmol/L
65
What is the normal level of chloride?
98-106 mmol/L
66
What is the normal level of sodium?
136-145 mE
67
What is the normal level of sodium?
136-145 mEq/L
68
What can a BMP tell us about?
1. Kidney function 2. Blood glucose 3. Acid/base balance 4. electrolyte imbalance 5. blood proteins 6. liver function
69
What all is included in a CMP?
1. blood urea nitrogen 2. creatinine 3. glucose 4. carbon dioxide content 5. calcuim 6. chloride 7. potassium 8. sodium ---EVERYTHING ABOVE IS PART OF A BMP---- 9. albumin 10. total protein 11. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) 12. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 13. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 14. Bilirubin
70
What is a glucose lab?
1. direct measurement of blood glucose level (AKA BLOOD SUGAR)
71
What could a high level of glucose (hyperglycemia) indicate?
1. Diabetes mellites 2. acute stress response 3. Cushing syndrome 4. chronic renal failure, 5. glucagonoma 6. acute pancreatitis 7. diuretic therapy 8. corticosteroid therapy 9. acromegaly
72
What could a low level of glucose (hypoglycemia) indicate?
1. Insulinoma 2. Hypothyroidism 3. Hypopituitarism 4. addison disease 5. extensive liver disease 6. insulin overdose 7. starvation
73
What does glycosylated hemoglobin a1c lab?
1.Blood test used to monitor diabetes and the tx of diabetes 2. Tells the average blood glucose level of the last 3 months
74
What is a nondiabetic ("normal") glycosylated hemoglobin A1c level?
4-5.9%
75
What is a good diabetic control glycosylated hemoglobin A1c level?
<7%
76
What is a fair diabetic control glycosylated hemoglobin A1c level
1. 8-9%
77
What is a poor diabetic control glycosylated hemoglobin A1c level?
>9%
78
What does a sodium (Na+) level tell us?
1. Major cation in the extracellular space 2. Balance between dietary sodium intake and renal excretion
79
What can high sodium (Na+) hypernatremia indicate?
1. increased dietary intake 2. Excessive sodium in IV fluids
80
What can low sodium (Na+) hyponatremia indicate?
1. deficient dietary intake** 2. Deficient sodium in IV fluids, ** 3. Increased free waster in the body
81
True or false: Potassium (K+) is important to cardiac function?
True
82
What does a potassium K+ level tell us?
Major cation within the cell
83
What can a high potassium k+ (hyperkalemia) indicate?
1. excessive dietary or IV intake 2. Acute or chronic renal failure 3. addison disease, 4. hypoaldosteronism 5. Aldosterone inhibiting diuretics 6. Crush injury to tissues 7. Hemolysis 8. transfusion of hemolyzed blood 9. infection 10. acidosis 11. dehydration
84
What could a low potassium K+ (hypokalemia) indicate? Need to Star emphasize
1. deficient dietary or IV intake 2. Burns 3. GI disorders 4. diuretics 5. hyperaldosteronism 6. cushing syndrome 7. renal tubular acidosis 8. licorice ingestion 9. Insulin administration 10. glucose administration 11. ascites 12. renal artery stenosis 13. cystic fibrosis 14. trauma** 15. surgery** 16. burns**
85
What should we know about chloride (Cl-) levels tell us?
1. Major extracellular anion 2. Transport is passive and usually follow sodium
86
What can high levels of chloride Cl- (hyperchloremia) indicate?
1. dehydration 2. excessive infusion of NS, 3. Metabolic acidosis 4. Renal tubular acidosis 5. Cushing syndrome 6. Kidney dysfunction 7. Hyperparathyroidism 8. Eclampsia 9. Respiratory alkalosis
87
What can low levels of chloride Cl- (hypochloremia) indicate?
1. Over hydration 2. Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) 3. CHF 4. Vomiting 5. chronic respiratory acidosis 6. Salt losing nephritis, 7. Addison disease 8. Diuretic therapy 9. hypokalemia 10. aldosteronism 11. Burns
88
What is the normal level of Potassium K+?
3.5-5.1 mEq/L
89
What is the normal level of chloride Cl-
1. 98-109 mEq/L
90
What is the normal level of bicarbonate HCO3-
20-30 mEq/L
91
What are some things we should know about bicarbonate HCO3-?
1. Major role in acid/base balance 2. Regulated by the Kidneys 3. Used to evaluate PH status and electrolytes
92
What is a critical level in bicarbonate?
1. <6 mEq/L (less than)
93
What could a high level of bicarbonate indicate?
1. severe vomiting, 2. High volume of gastric suction 3. Aldosteronism 4. Mercurial diuretic 5. COPD 6. Metabolic alkalosis
94
What could low levels of bicarbonate indicate?
1. chronic diarrhea 2. chronic loop diuretic use 3. renal failure 4. diabetic ketoacidosis 5. starvation 6. metabolic acidosis 7. Shock
95
What is the normal level for calcium?
7.6-10.4 mg/dL
96
What should we know about calcium levels
1. Used to evaluate parathyroid function and calcium metabolism 2. Used to monitor patients with renal failure, renal transplantation, hyperparathyroidism, and various malignancies, calcium levels during and after large blood transfusions
97
What could high levels of calcium (hypercalcemia) indicate?
1. hyperparathyroidism 2. metastatic tumor to bone 3. Paget disease of the bone 4. Prolonged immobilization 5. Mil-alkali syndrome, 6. Vitamin D intoxication 7. Lymphoma 8. Addison disease 9. Acromegaly 10. Hyperthyroidism
98
What could low levels of calcium (hypocalcemia) indicate?
1. Hypoparathyroidism 2. renal failure 3. rickets 4. Vitamin D deficiency 5. osteomalacia 6.hypoalbuminemia 7. malabsorption 8. pancreatitis 9. fat embolism 10. Alkalosis
99
What is the normal level of phosphorus?
3.0-4.5 m/DL
100
What should we know about phosphorus levels?
1. Assists in the interpretation of parathyroid and calcium abnormalities
101
What can high levels of phosphorus indicate?
1. hypoparathyroidism 2. renal failure 3. increased dietary intake 4. acromegaly 5. bone metastasis 6. acidosis 7. rhabdomyolysis 8. advanced lymphoma 9. hemolytic anemia
102
What could low levels of phosphorus (hypophosphatemia) indicate?
1. inadequate dietary intake 2. hyperparathyroidism 3. hypercalcemia 4. chronic alcoholism 5. vitamin D deficiency 6. treatment of hyperglycemia 7. hyperinsulinism 8. malnutrition 9. alkalosis 10 gram negative sepsis
103
What could low levels of phosphorus (hypophosphatemia) indicate?
1. inadequate dietary intake 2. hyperparathyroidism 3. hypercalcemia 4. chronic alcoholism 5. vitamin D deficiency 6. treatment of hyperglycemia 7. hyperinsulinism 8. malnutrition 9. alkalosis 10. gram negative sepsis
104
What is the normal levels of magnesium Mg-?
1.3-2.1 mEq/L
105
What should we know about magnesium Mg- levels?
1. Found intracellularly; around half of it in the bone 2. Important in calcium metabolism and closely tied to calcium levels 3. Monitor EKG levels
106
What could high levels of magnesium mg- indicate?
1. renal insufficiency 2. Addison disease 3. Ingestion of magnesium containing antacids or salts 4. Hypothyroidism
107
What could low levels of magnesium mg- indicate?
1. Malnutrition 2. Malabsorption 3. Hypoparathyroidism 4. alcoholism 5. Chronic renal tubular disease 6. Diabetic acidosis
108
What all is in a hepatic function test?
1. Albumin 2. AST 3. ALK Phos 4. ALT 5. Bili total 6. Direct Bili 7. Ammonia Most found in CMP
109
What is a normal level of albumin?
3.5-5.0 mg/dL
110
What is a normal level of AST?
0-35 U/L
111
What is a normal level of Alk Phos?
30-120 U/L
112
What is a normal level of bili total?
0.3-1.0 mg/dL
113
What is a normal level of direct bili?
0.1-0.3 mg/dL
114
What is a normal level of ammonia? -wasn’t stressed review and move on
10-80 mcg/dL
115
What should we know about albumin
1. protein formed and synthesized within the liver 2. comprises 60% of total protein in blood 3. Regulates osmotic pressure 4. Transports blood, hormones, enzymes and drugs 5. hepatic function and nutritional state
116
What could a high level of albumin indicate?
1. dehydration
117
What could low levels of albumin indicate?
1. Malnutrition 2. pregnancy 3. liver disease 4. protein-losing enteropathies 5. protein-losing nephropathies 6. third-space losses, 7. over hydration 8. increased capillary permeability 9. inflammatory disease 10. Familial idiopathic dysproteinemia
118
What should we know about alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels?
1. detect and monitor diseases of liver and bone
119
What could high levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) indicate?
1. primary cirrhosis 2. intrahepatic/extrahepatic biliary obstruction 3. primary or metastatic tumor 4. metastatic tumor to the bone 5. Healing fracture 6. osteomalacia 7. pagets disease 8. rheumatoid arthritis 9. rickets 10. intestinal ischemia or infraction 11. Myocardial infarction 12. Sarcoidosis
120
What could low levels of alkaline phosphate (ALP) indicate?
1. Hypophosphatemia 2. Hypophosphatasia 3. Malnutrition 4. Milk-Alkali syndrome 5. pernicious anemia 6. scurvy (vitamin C deficiency)
121
What should we know about Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)?
1. Predominately found in the liver 2. Injury or disease affecting the liver parenchyma causes the release of ALT into the bloodstream 3. Used to identify and monitor hepatocellular disease of the liver
122
What could very high levels of Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) indicate?
1. Hepatitis 2. hepatic necrosis 3. Hepatic ischemia
123
What could moderately high levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
1. Cirrhosis 2. Cholestasis 3. hepatic tumor 4. hepatotoxic drugs 5. obstructive jaundice 6. severe burns 7. trauma 8. striated muscle
124
What could mildly high levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) indicate?
1. myositis 2. Pancreatitis 3. myocardial infarction 4. infectious mononucleosis 5. Shock
125
What should we know about Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)?
1. Found in very high concentrations, within highly metabolic tissues (liver muscle cells, heart muscle cells, skeletal muscle cells) 2. Disease/injury of one these tissue causes dying (?) of cells and release into bloodstream 3. elevation proportional to number of cells injured 4. Used for evaluation of patients with suspected hepatocellular diseases.
126
What could high levels of Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) indicate?
1. Liver disease 2. Skeletal muscle trauma
127
What could low levels of Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) indicate?
1. Acute renal disease, 2. Beriberi 3. Diabetic Ketoacidosis 4. Chronic Renal Dialysis
128
What should we know about bilirubin?
1. Evaluate liver function - Included in eval of adults with hemolytic anemia - Eval of newborns with jaundice 2. End product of RBC metabolism - Component of bile -Consists of conjugated (direct) and unconjugated (indirect) bilirubin
129
Jaundice = Bilirubin when.....
> 2.5 mg/dL
130
What should we know about Unconjugated Bilirubin?
Level of indirect bilirubin in blood
131
What could a high level of unconjugated bilirubin indicate?
1. Erythroblastosis fetalis 2. Transfusion reaction 3. Sickle cell anemia 4. Hemolytic jaundice 5. Hemolytic anemia 6. Pernicious anemia 7. Large volume blood transfusion 8. Large hematoma resolution 9. Hepatitis 10. Cirrhosis 11. Sepsis 12. Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia 13. Crigler najjar syndrome 14. Gilbert syndrome
132
What should we know about conjugated bilirubin?
Level of direct billirubin in blood
133
What could a high level of conjugated Bilirubin indicate?
1. Gallstone 2. Extra-hepatic duct obstruction 3. Extensive liver mets 4. Cholestasis from drugs 5. Dubin-Johnson Syndrome 6. Rotor Syndrome
134
What lab values test the kidney function?
1. BUN 2 Creatinine 3. GFR
135
How does BUN travel?
Liver produces--> blood--> kidney
136
What should we know about creatinine?
1. Best measure of kidney function 2. Muscle breakdown 3. CrCl: amount of blood cleared of Cr in one min 4. Excreted entirely by kidneys = direct measure of renal function
137
What should we know about GFR
1. Not definitive 2. Not accurate for obese pts, amputees, or supplement users
138
What is the normal level of blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
10-20 mg/dL
139
What should we know about blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
1. Kidney and liver function 2. End product of protein metabolism (produced in the liver) 3. Indirect and rough measurement of renal function and glomerular filtration
140
What could high levels of Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) indicate?
Pre-renal 1. Hypovolemia 2. shock 3. burns 4. dehydration 5. CHF 6. MI 7. GI bleed 8. Excessive protein ingestion 9. Starvation 10. Sepsis Renal 1. Glomerulonephritis 2. Pyelonephritis 3. Acute tubular necrosis 4. Renal failure 5. Nephrotoxic drugs Post-Renal 1. Ureteral obstruction from stones 2. Tumor 3. Bladder or urethral congenital anomalies 4. bladder outlet obstruction for BPH 5. Cancer
141
What could low levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) indicate?
1. Liver Failure 2. Over hydration 3. Negative nitrogen balance 4. pregnancy 5. nephrotic syndrome
142
What is a critical creatinine value?
>4mg/dL
143
What could a high creatinine level indicate?
1. Diseases affecting renal function 2. CHF 3. Dehydration 4. Rhabdomyolysis 5. Diabetic nephropathy 6. acromegaly 7. gigantism
144
What could low levels of creatinine indicate?
1. Debilitation 2. Decreased muscle mass
145
What is the normal level of creatinine?
0.5-1.1 mg/dL
146
What labs can be used to tell us about pancreas function?
1. Amylase 2. Lipase
147
What are the normal levels of amylase?
<130 u/L
148
What should we know about amylase?
1. Pancreatic test helpful in Evalution of abdominal pain
149
What could high levels of amylase indicate?
1. many abdominal diagnoses, 2. DKA 3. Various cancers 4. Salivary gland inflammation
150
What could low levels of amylase indicate?
1. hepatic necrosis 2. Advanced chronic pancreatitis
151
What could low levels of amylase indicate?
1. hepatic necrosis 2. Advanced chronic pancreatitis
152
What should we know about lipase levels?
1. Enzyme secreted by pancreas into small intestine 2. Helps break down triglycerides into fatty acids? 3. Highly specific for pancreatic diseases
153
What could high levels of lipase indicate?
1. Acute pancreatitis 2. Early pancreatic cancer 3. Perforated ulcer
154
What could low levels of lipase indicate?
1. Acute severe pancreatitis
155
What is the normal appearance of urine?
Clear
156
What is the normal color of urine?
Amber yellow
157
What is the normal odor of urine?
Aromatic
158
What is the normal pH level of urine?
4.6-8.0
159
what is normal level of protein in urine
0-8mg/dL
160
What is the normal specific gravity level in urine?
1.005-1.030
161
What is the normal level of leukocyte estarase in urine?
negative
162
What is the normal level of nitrites in urine?
None
163
What is the normal level of ketones in the urine?
None
164
What is the normal level of bilirubin in the urine?
None
165
What is the normal level of urobilinogen in urine?
0.01-1 Ehrlich unit/mL
166
What is the normal level of crystals in urine?
None
167
What is the normal level of casts in urine?
None
168
What is the normal level of glucose in urine?
negative
169
What is the normal level of WBC in urine?
0-4/ low-power field
170
What is the normal level of WBC cast in urine?
none
171
What is the normal level of RBC in urine?
<2
172
What is the normal level of RBC casts in urine
none
173
AFTER LECTURE ADD SLIDES 42,43,44
174
What should we know about 24 hour urine?
1. It is the collection of urine for 24 hours 2. Start time- discard 1st voiding 3. End time- pt voids again to empty bladder 4. Refrigeration or on ice
175
What are sources of error with a 24 hour urine test?
1. Contaminants in urine 2. Failure to collect all urine during time period 3. Including 1st voided urine 4. Improper storage/preservation of specimen
176
What should we know about urinary protein?
1. Monitors kidney function 2. Normally not present in normal kidney due to size barrier in glomerulus 3. Dipstick method - 24 hour urine
177
What can the presence of proteinuria indicate?
1. Nephrotic syndrome 2. multiple myeloma 3. complications of DM 4. glomerulonephritis 5. amyloidosis 6. Pre-eclampsia
178
What lab work assess clotting factors?
Assess normal bleeding & coumadin therapy 1. PT (protime) 2. INR (international normalized ratio) Assess heparin therapy 1.PTT (Partial thromboplastin time)
179
What is the time frame for PT (clotting factors)
11.0-13.0 seconds
180
What is a critical value for PT?
>20 seconds
181
What is the normal time frame for INR (clotting factors)
0.8-1.5 seconds (without coumadin)
182
What is a critical level for INR? (Interventional normalized ratio)
> 5.5 seconds
183
What is the normal time frame for a PTT (partial thromboplastin time)
30-45 secs
184
What labs can show infectious organisms?
1. Culture & Sensitivity 2. blood cultures 3. Stool testing
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What should we know about Culture & Sensitivity labs?
1. Urine, blood, wound drainage, tissues and devices 2. obtain specimen PRIOR to antibiotic therapy 3. Preliminary report: 24hrs 4. Final report: 72hrs 5. Culture for fungus may take up to 6wks 6. Culture may be performed after therapy completion to assess further treatment needs
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What should we know about blood culture levels
1. Always collected first 2. Site prep and aseptic technique is crucial 3. Obtain 2 separate BC from 2 different sites 4. Venipuncture preferred over central line sites 5. Aerobic or anaerobic vial 1st?
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What should we know about stool testing?
1. Fecal occult blood test (FOBT) 2. C-Diff 3. Culture and sensitivity

Module 2 (14 decks)

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