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Module 2 > Lab Values- Unit 1 Exam > Flashcards

Lab Values- Unit 1 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is all included in a CBC (complete blood count)

A
  1. RBC**
  2. Hgb**
    3.Hct**
    4.MCV
  3. MCH
  4. MCHC
  5. RDW
  6. Platelet**
  7. WBC**
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2
Q

What does a RBC level tell us?

A

of red cells per ML/blood

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3
Q

What does a Hgb level tell us?

A

O2 carrying protien

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4
Q

What does a Hct level tell us?

A

Packed volume of RBC’s , % of total volume

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5
Q

What does MCV level tell us?

Didn’t stress in lecture review and move on

A

Cell size (normocytic, macro and micro)

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6
Q

What does MCH level tell us?
Wasn’t stressed in lecture can review and skip

A

Amount of Hgb (o2 carrying protien) per cell

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7
Q

What does the MCHC level tell us?
Wasn’t stressed in lecture… review and move on.

A

Hgb(o2 carrying protien)/Hct(packed volume of RBCs, % of total volume) per 100mL/RBC’s

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8
Q

What does the RDW level tell us?
Was not stressed in lecture.. review and move on

A

Red cell distribution width

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9
Q

What does the platelet level tell us?

A

Number of plt. per cc/blood

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10
Q

What does the WBC level tell us?

A

number of white cells per ML/blood

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11
Q

What are lab values used for?

A
  1. Screening
  2. Diagnosis
  3. Monitoring
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12
Q

What are some factors that may affect lab values?

A
  1. Age
  2. Gender
  3. Race
  4. Pregnancy
  5. Food ingestion
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13
Q

What is the normal ranges of a Erythrocyte Count (RBC)

A

3.89-5.40 M/uL

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14
Q

What should we know about Erythrocyte (RBC) count?

A
  1. The number of circulating RBC’s in 1mm3 of blood
  2. Carry Oxygen
  3. Contain Hemoglobin molecules
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15
Q

RBC contain ___?___ molecules?

A

Hemoglobin Molecules

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16
Q

What are some RBC indices?
Did not go over in class– review and move on

A

1.MCV- Cell size (normocytic, macro, micro)
2.RDW- Red cell distribution width
3.MCH- Amount of Hgb (o2 carrying protein)
4.MCHC- Hgb (o2 carrying protein)/ hct (packed volume of RBC’s, % of total volume).

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17
Q

What is the normal level of MCV lab?

Didn’t stress review and move on

A

80-95fL

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18
Q

What is the normal level of a RDW lab?

Didn’t stress during lecture review and move on

A

11-14.5 %

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19
Q

What is the normal level of MCH lab?
Didnt stress in class review and move on

A

27-31 pg

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20
Q

What is the normal level of MCHC lab?

A

32-36 g/dL

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21
Q

What could a high erythrocyte count (RBC) indicate?

A
  1. Conginital heart disease
  2. Severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
  3. Polycythemia vera (chronic blood disorder)
  4. Severe dehydration
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22
Q

What could a low erythrocyte count (RBC) indicate?

** emphasized in class***
Double check

A
  1. Anemia **
  2. hemoglobinopathy
  3. cirrhosis
  4. hemolytic anemia **
  5. hemorrhage **
  6. dietary deficiency
  7. bone marrow failure
  8. prosthetic valves
  9. renal disease
  10. normal pregnancy **
  11. Rheumatoid arthritis
  12. Lymphoma
  13. Leukemia
  14. Hodkin disease
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23
Q

What does a hemoglobin (Hgb or Hb) tell us?

A

Measurement of the total amount of Hgb in the blood.

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24
Q

What is the normal range for a hemoglobin (Hgb or Hb) lab?

A

12-16 g/dL

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25
Q

What is a hematocrit (Hct) lab draw?

A

It gives us a indirect measurement of RBC number and volume

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26
Q

What is the normal level for hematocrit lab?

A

37.0-47.0 %

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27
Q

What is one reason a patient may have a hematocrit lab drawn?

A

If the doctor suspects that they are anemic— it is part of routine testing and anemia evalulation.

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28
Q

What are considered critical values on hematocrit lab?

A

<15 or >60%

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29
Q

What could a high hematocrit (Hct) level indicate?

A
  1. Erythrocytosis
  2. Congenital heart disease
  3. Severe COPD
  4. Polycythemia vera
  5. Severe Dehydration
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30
Q

What could a low hematocrit (Hct) level indicate?

A
  1. Anemia
  2. hemoglobinopathy
  3. cirrhosis
  4. hemolytic anemia
  5. hemorrhage
  6. dietary deficiency
  7. bone marrow failure
  8. prosthetic valves
  9. renal disease
  10. Normal pregnancy
    11.rhematoid arthritis
  11. lymphoma
  12. Leukemia
  13. Hodgkins disease
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31
Q

What is anemia?

A

Decrease in number of RBC’s (erythrocytes)

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32
Q

What are some causes of anemia?

A
  1. Impaired RBC production
  2. Blood loss
  3. RBC destruction
    or a combination of all 3
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33
Q

What are two classifications of anemia?

Wasn’t stressed— move on

A
  1. Etiology (add def after lecture)
  2. Morphology (add def after lecture)
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34
Q

What is the normal level of a platelet count (thrombocytes)?

A

150,000

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35
Q

What does the platelet count tell you?

A
  1. Actual count of the number of platelets (thrombocytes) per cubic mL of blood
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36
Q

Where are platelets formed?

A

Bone Marrow

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37
Q

What could a high platelet (thrombocytosis) count indicate?

A
  1. Malignant disorders
  2. Polycythemia vera
  3. Post splenectomy syndroms
  4. rheumatoid arthritis
  5. Iron deficiency anemia
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38
Q

Platelet counts >1 million are at risk for…..

A

clotting

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39
Q

Platelet counts > 600,000 are at risk for….

A

potential problems

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40
Q

What could low platelets (thrombocytopenia) level indicate?

A
  1. Hypersplenism
  2. hemorrhage
  3. immune thrombocytopenia
  4. leukemia
  5. thrombotic thrombocytopenia
  6. graves disease
  7. inherited disorders,
    8 DIC
  8. Pernicious anemia
  9. hemolytic anemia
  10. cancer
  11. chemotherapy
  12. Infection
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41
Q

Platelet counts below 50,000 are indications of what?

A

Significant bleeding

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42
Q

What is the normal level for Total WBC’s (leukocytes) lab?

A

3.6-10.8 K/uL

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43
Q

What does a total wbc’s or Leukocyte lab tell us?

A
  1. Measurement of total WBC count
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44
Q

True or false: Total WBC’s is part of routine testing on a CBC?

A

True

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45
Q

What is white cell differential count?

A

Percentage of each type of leukocyte present in the specimen

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46
Q

What could a high WBC’s (leukocytosis) count indicate?

A
  1. Infection
  2. Inflammation
  3. Tissue necrosis
  4. Sepsis
  5. Leukemic neoplasia
  6. Trauma
  7. stress
  8. dehydration
  9. Thyroid storm.
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47
Q

What could a low WBC’s (leukopenia) count indicate?

A
  1. Bone marrow failure
  2. chemo
  3. Radiation therapy
  4. Overwhelming infections,
  5. Autoimmune disorders
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48
Q

What is included in a WBC differential?

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Lymphocytes
  3. Monocytes
  4. Eosinophils
  5. Basophils
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49
Q

What is the normal level of neutrophils?

A

50-70%

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50
Q

What is the normal level of Lymphocytes?

A

20-40%

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51
Q

What is the normal level of monocytes?

A

2-8%

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52
Q

What is the normal level of eosinophils?

A

1-4%

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53
Q

What is the normal level of basophils?

A

0.5-1.0%

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54
Q

What is Leukocytosis:

A

abnormally large number of leukocytes
— WBC> 10,000 cells/mL3

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55
Q

What is lymphocytosis?

A

Form of actual or relative leukocytosis due to increase in numbers of lymphocytes

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56
Q

What is a left shift (WBC definitions)?

A
  1. Increase in the number of immature neutrophils (bands or stabs) found in the blood.
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57
Q

What all is looked at in a CMP (complete metabolic panel)?

A

1.glucose
2. calcium
3. chloride
4. potassium
5. CO2
6. BUN
7. Creatinine

PLUS
1. ALP
2. AST
3.ALT
4. Bilirubin
5. total protein
6. Albumin
7. Globulin

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58
Q

What can a BMP tell us about?

A
  1. Kidney Function
  2. Blood glucose
  3. Acid/base balance
  4. Electrolyte imbalance
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59
Q

What does a BMP include?

A
  1. Blood Urea nitrogen
  2. Creatinine
  3. Glucose
  4. Carbon dioxide content
  5. Calcium
  6. Chloride
  7. Potassium
  8. Sodium
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60
Q

What is the normal level of Blood urea nitrogen?

A

10-20 mg/dL

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61
Q

what is the normal level of creatinine?

A
  1. 0.5-1.1 mg/dL
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62
Q

What is the normal level of Glucose?

A
  1. 70-110 mg/dL
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63
Q

What is the normal level of calcium?

A
  1. 9-10.8 mg/dL
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64
Q

What is the normal level of potassium?

A
  1. 3.5-5.0 mmol/L
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65
Q

What is the normal level of chloride?

A

98-106 mmol/L

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66
Q

What is the normal level of sodium?

A

136-145 mE

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67
Q

What is the normal level of sodium?

A

136-145 mEq/L

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68
Q

What can a BMP tell us about?

A
  1. Kidney function
  2. Blood glucose
  3. Acid/base balance
  4. electrolyte imbalance
  5. blood proteins
  6. liver function
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69
Q

What all is included in a CMP?

A
  1. blood urea nitrogen
  2. creatinine
  3. glucose
  4. carbon dioxide content
  5. calcuim
  6. chloride
  7. potassium
  8. sodium
    —EVERYTHING ABOVE IS PART OF A BMP—-
  9. albumin
  10. total protein
  11. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
  12. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
  13. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
  14. Bilirubin
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70
Q

What is a glucose lab?

A
  1. direct measurement of blood glucose level (AKA BLOOD SUGAR)
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71
Q

What could a high level of glucose (hyperglycemia) indicate?

A
  1. Diabetes mellites
  2. acute stress response
  3. Cushing syndrome
  4. chronic renal failure,
  5. glucagonoma
  6. acute pancreatitis
  7. diuretic therapy
  8. corticosteroid therapy
  9. acromegaly
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72
Q

What could a low level of glucose (hypoglycemia) indicate?

A
  1. Insulinoma
  2. Hypothyroidism
  3. Hypopituitarism
  4. addison disease
  5. extensive liver disease
  6. insulin overdose
  7. starvation
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73
Q

What does glycosylated hemoglobin a1c lab?

A

1.Blood test used to monitor diabetes and the tx of diabetes
2. Tells the average blood glucose level of the last 3 months

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74
Q

What is a nondiabetic (“normal”) glycosylated hemoglobin A1c level?

A

4-5.9%

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75
Q

What is a good diabetic control glycosylated hemoglobin A1c level?

A

<7%

76
Q

What is a fair diabetic control glycosylated hemoglobin A1c level

A
  1. 8-9%
77
Q

What is a poor diabetic control glycosylated hemoglobin A1c level?

A

> 9%

78
Q

What does a sodium (Na+) level tell us?

A
  1. Major cation in the extracellular space
  2. Balance between dietary sodium intake and renal excretion
79
Q

What can high sodium (Na+) hypernatremia indicate?

A
  1. increased dietary intake
  2. Excessive sodium in IV fluids
80
Q

What can low sodium (Na+) hyponatremia indicate?

A
  1. deficient dietary intake**
  2. Deficient sodium in IV fluids, **
  3. Increased free waster in the body
81
Q

True or false: Potassium (K+) is important to cardiac function?

A

True

82
Q

What does a potassium K+ level tell us?

A

Major cation within the cell

83
Q

What can a high potassium k+ (hyperkalemia) indicate?

A
  1. excessive dietary or IV intake
  2. Acute or chronic renal failure
  3. addison disease,
  4. hypoaldosteronism
  5. Aldosterone inhibiting diuretics
  6. Crush injury to tissues
  7. Hemolysis
  8. transfusion of hemolyzed blood
  9. infection
  10. acidosis
  11. dehydration
84
Q

What could a low potassium K+ (hypokalemia) indicate?

Need to Star emphasize

A
  1. deficient dietary or IV intake
  2. Burns
  3. GI disorders
  4. diuretics
  5. hyperaldosteronism
  6. cushing syndrome
  7. renal tubular acidosis
  8. licorice ingestion
  9. Insulin administration
  10. glucose administration
  11. ascites
  12. renal artery stenosis
  13. cystic fibrosis
  14. trauma**
  15. surgery**
  16. burns**
85
Q

What should we know about chloride (Cl-) levels tell us?

A
  1. Major extracellular anion
  2. Transport is passive and usually follow sodium
86
Q

What can high levels of chloride Cl- (hyperchloremia) indicate?

A
  1. dehydration
  2. excessive infusion of NS,
  3. Metabolic acidosis
  4. Renal tubular acidosis
  5. Cushing syndrome
  6. Kidney dysfunction
  7. Hyperparathyroidism
  8. Eclampsia
  9. Respiratory alkalosis
87
Q

What can low levels of chloride Cl- (hypochloremia) indicate?

A
  1. Over hydration
  2. Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
  3. CHF
  4. Vomiting
  5. chronic respiratory acidosis
  6. Salt losing nephritis,
  7. Addison disease
  8. Diuretic therapy
  9. hypokalemia
  10. aldosteronism
  11. Burns
88
Q

What is the normal level of Potassium K+?

A

3.5-5.1 mEq/L

89
Q

What is the normal level of chloride Cl-

A
  1. 98-109 mEq/L
90
Q

What is the normal level of bicarbonate HCO3-

A

20-30 mEq/L

91
Q

What are some things we should know about bicarbonate HCO3-?

A
  1. Major role in acid/base balance
  2. Regulated by the Kidneys
  3. Used to evaluate PH status and electrolytes
92
Q

What is a critical level in bicarbonate?

A
  1. <6 mEq/L (less than)
93
Q

What could a high level of bicarbonate indicate?

A
  1. severe vomiting,
  2. High volume of gastric suction
  3. Aldosteronism
  4. Mercurial diuretic
  5. COPD
  6. Metabolic alkalosis
94
Q

What could low levels of bicarbonate indicate?

A
  1. chronic diarrhea
  2. chronic loop diuretic use
  3. renal failure
  4. diabetic ketoacidosis
  5. starvation
  6. metabolic acidosis
  7. Shock
95
Q

What is the normal level for calcium?

A

7.6-10.4 mg/dL

96
Q

What should we know about calcium levels

A
  1. Used to evaluate parathyroid function and calcium metabolism
  2. Used to monitor patients with renal failure, renal transplantation, hyperparathyroidism, and various malignancies, calcium levels during and after large blood transfusions
97
Q

What could high levels of calcium (hypercalcemia) indicate?

A
  1. hyperparathyroidism
  2. metastatic tumor to bone
  3. Paget disease of the bone
  4. Prolonged immobilization
  5. Mil-alkali syndrome,
  6. Vitamin D intoxication
  7. Lymphoma
  8. Addison disease
  9. Acromegaly
  10. Hyperthyroidism
98
Q

What could low levels of calcium (hypocalcemia) indicate?

A
  1. Hypoparathyroidism
  2. renal failure
  3. rickets
  4. Vitamin D deficiency
  5. osteomalacia
    6.hypoalbuminemia
  6. malabsorption
  7. pancreatitis
  8. fat embolism
  9. Alkalosis
99
Q

What is the normal level of phosphorus?

A

3.0-4.5 m/DL

100
Q

What should we know about phosphorus levels?

A
  1. Assists in the interpretation of parathyroid and calcium abnormalities
101
Q

What can high levels of phosphorus indicate?

A
  1. hypoparathyroidism
  2. renal failure
  3. increased dietary intake
  4. acromegaly
  5. bone metastasis
  6. acidosis
  7. rhabdomyolysis
  8. advanced lymphoma
  9. hemolytic anemia
102
Q

What could low levels of phosphorus (hypophosphatemia) indicate?

A
  1. inadequate dietary intake
  2. hyperparathyroidism
  3. hypercalcemia
  4. chronic alcoholism
  5. vitamin D deficiency
  6. treatment of hyperglycemia
  7. hyperinsulinism
  8. malnutrition
  9. alkalosis
    10 gram negative sepsis
103
Q

What could low levels of phosphorus (hypophosphatemia) indicate?

A
  1. inadequate dietary intake
  2. hyperparathyroidism
  3. hypercalcemia
  4. chronic alcoholism
  5. vitamin D deficiency
  6. treatment of hyperglycemia
  7. hyperinsulinism
  8. malnutrition
  9. alkalosis
  10. gram negative sepsis
104
Q

What is the normal levels of magnesium Mg-?

A

1.3-2.1 mEq/L

105
Q

What should we know about magnesium Mg- levels?

A
  1. Found intracellularly; around half of it in the bone
  2. Important in calcium metabolism and closely tied to calcium levels
  3. Monitor EKG levels
106
Q

What could high levels of magnesium mg- indicate?

A
  1. renal insufficiency
  2. Addison disease
  3. Ingestion of magnesium containing antacids or salts
  4. Hypothyroidism
107
Q

What could low levels of magnesium mg- indicate?

A
  1. Malnutrition
  2. Malabsorption
  3. Hypoparathyroidism
  4. alcoholism
  5. Chronic renal tubular disease
  6. Diabetic acidosis
108
Q

What all is in a hepatic function test?

A
  1. Albumin
  2. AST
  3. ALK Phos
  4. ALT
  5. Bili total
  6. Direct Bili
  7. Ammonia

Most found in CMP

109
Q

What is a normal level of albumin?

A

3.5-5.0 mg/dL

110
Q

What is a normal level of AST?

A

0-35 U/L

111
Q

What is a normal level of Alk Phos?

A

30-120 U/L

112
Q

What is a normal level of bili total?

A

0.3-1.0 mg/dL

113
Q

What is a normal level of direct bili?

A

0.1-0.3 mg/dL

114
Q

What is a normal level of ammonia?

-wasn’t stressed review and move on

A

10-80 mcg/dL

115
Q

What should we know about albumin

A
  1. protein formed and synthesized within the liver
  2. comprises 60% of total protein in blood
  3. Regulates osmotic pressure
  4. Transports blood, hormones, enzymes and drugs
  5. hepatic function and nutritional state
116
Q

What could a high level of albumin indicate?

A
  1. dehydration
117
Q

What could low levels of albumin indicate?

A
  1. Malnutrition
  2. pregnancy
  3. liver disease
  4. protein-losing enteropathies
  5. protein-losing nephropathies
  6. third-space losses,
  7. over hydration
  8. increased capillary permeability
  9. inflammatory disease
  10. Familial idiopathic dysproteinemia
118
Q

What should we know about alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels?

A
  1. detect and monitor diseases of liver and bone
119
Q

What could high levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) indicate?

A
  1. primary cirrhosis
  2. intrahepatic/extrahepatic biliary obstruction
  3. primary or metastatic tumor
  4. metastatic tumor to the bone
  5. Healing fracture
  6. osteomalacia
  7. pagets disease
  8. rheumatoid arthritis
  9. rickets
  10. intestinal ischemia or infraction
  11. Myocardial infarction
  12. Sarcoidosis
120
Q

What could low levels of alkaline phosphate (ALP) indicate?

A
  1. Hypophosphatemia
  2. Hypophosphatasia
  3. Malnutrition
  4. Milk-Alkali syndrome
  5. pernicious anemia
  6. scurvy (vitamin C deficiency)
121
Q

What should we know about Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)?

A
  1. Predominately found in the liver
  2. Injury or disease affecting the liver parenchyma causes the release of ALT into the bloodstream
  3. Used to identify and monitor hepatocellular disease of the liver
122
Q

What could very high levels of Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) indicate?

A
  1. Hepatitis
  2. hepatic necrosis
  3. Hepatic ischemia
123
Q

What could moderately high levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

A
  1. Cirrhosis
  2. Cholestasis
  3. hepatic tumor
  4. hepatotoxic drugs
  5. obstructive jaundice
  6. severe burns
  7. trauma
  8. striated muscle
124
Q

What could mildly high levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) indicate?

A
  1. myositis
  2. Pancreatitis
  3. myocardial infarction
  4. infectious mononucleosis
  5. Shock
125
Q

What should we know about Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)?

A
  1. Found in very high concentrations, within highly metabolic tissues (liver muscle cells, heart muscle cells, skeletal muscle cells)
  2. Disease/injury of one these tissue causes dying (?) of cells and release into bloodstream
  3. elevation proportional to number of cells injured
  4. Used for evaluation of patients with suspected hepatocellular diseases.
126
Q

What could high levels of Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) indicate?

A
  1. Liver disease
  2. Skeletal muscle trauma
127
Q

What could low levels of Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) indicate?

A
  1. Acute renal disease,
  2. Beriberi
  3. Diabetic Ketoacidosis
  4. Chronic Renal Dialysis
128
Q

What should we know about bilirubin?

A
  1. Evaluate liver function
    - Included in eval of adults with hemolytic anemia
    - Eval of newborns with jaundice
  2. End product of RBC metabolism
    - Component of bile
    -Consists of conjugated (direct) and unconjugated (indirect) bilirubin
129
Q

Jaundice = Bilirubin when…..

A

> 2.5 mg/dL

130
Q

What should we know about Unconjugated Bilirubin?

A

Level of indirect bilirubin in blood

131
Q

What could a high level of unconjugated bilirubin indicate?

A
  1. Erythroblastosis fetalis
  2. Transfusion reaction
  3. Sickle cell anemia
  4. Hemolytic jaundice
  5. Hemolytic anemia
  6. Pernicious anemia
  7. Large volume blood transfusion
  8. Large hematoma resolution
  9. Hepatitis
  10. Cirrhosis
  11. Sepsis
  12. Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia
  13. Crigler najjar syndrome
  14. Gilbert syndrome
132
Q

What should we know about conjugated bilirubin?

A

Level of direct billirubin in blood

133
Q

What could a high level of conjugated Bilirubin indicate?

A
  1. Gallstone
  2. Extra-hepatic duct obstruction
  3. Extensive liver mets
  4. Cholestasis from drugs
  5. Dubin-Johnson Syndrome
  6. Rotor Syndrome
134
Q

What lab values test the kidney function?

A
  1. BUN
    2 Creatinine
  2. GFR
135
Q

How does BUN travel?

A

Liver produces–> blood–> kidney

136
Q

What should we know about creatinine?

A
  1. Best measure of kidney function
  2. Muscle breakdown
  3. CrCl: amount of blood cleared of Cr in one min
  4. Excreted entirely by kidneys = direct measure of renal function
137
Q

What should we know about GFR

A
  1. Not definitive
  2. Not accurate for obese pts, amputees, or supplement users
138
Q

What is the normal level of blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

A

10-20 mg/dL

139
Q

What should we know about blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

A
  1. Kidney and liver function
  2. End product of protein metabolism (produced in the liver)
  3. Indirect and rough measurement of renal function and glomerular filtration
140
Q

What could high levels of Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) indicate?

A

Pre-renal
1. Hypovolemia
2. shock
3. burns
4. dehydration
5. CHF
6. MI
7. GI bleed
8. Excessive protein ingestion
9. Starvation
10. Sepsis

Renal
1. Glomerulonephritis
2. Pyelonephritis
3. Acute tubular necrosis
4. Renal failure
5. Nephrotoxic drugs

Post-Renal
1. Ureteral obstruction from stones
2. Tumor
3. Bladder or urethral congenital anomalies
4. bladder outlet obstruction for BPH
5. Cancer

141
Q

What could low levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) indicate?

A
  1. Liver Failure
  2. Over hydration
  3. Negative nitrogen balance
  4. pregnancy
  5. nephrotic syndrome
142
Q

What is a critical creatinine value?

A

> 4mg/dL

143
Q

What could a high creatinine level indicate?

A
  1. Diseases affecting renal function
  2. CHF
  3. Dehydration
  4. Rhabdomyolysis
  5. Diabetic nephropathy
  6. acromegaly
  7. gigantism
144
Q

What could low levels of creatinine indicate?

A
  1. Debilitation
  2. Decreased muscle mass
145
Q

What is the normal level of creatinine?

A

0.5-1.1 mg/dL

146
Q

What labs can be used to tell us about pancreas function?

A
  1. Amylase
  2. Lipase
147
Q

What are the normal levels of amylase?

A

<130 u/L

148
Q

What should we know about amylase?

A
  1. Pancreatic test helpful in Evalution of abdominal pain
149
Q

What could high levels of amylase indicate?

A
  1. many abdominal diagnoses,
  2. DKA
  3. Various cancers
  4. Salivary gland inflammation
150
Q

What could low levels of amylase indicate?

A
  1. hepatic necrosis
  2. Advanced chronic pancreatitis
151
Q

What could low levels of amylase indicate?

A
  1. hepatic necrosis
  2. Advanced chronic pancreatitis
152
Q

What should we know about lipase levels?

A
  1. Enzyme secreted by pancreas into small intestine
  2. Helps break down triglycerides into fatty acids?
  3. Highly specific for pancreatic diseases
153
Q

What could high levels of lipase indicate?

A
  1. Acute pancreatitis
  2. Early pancreatic cancer
  3. Perforated ulcer
154
Q

What could low levels of lipase indicate?

A
  1. Acute severe pancreatitis
155
Q

What is the normal appearance of urine?

A

Clear

156
Q

What is the normal color of urine?

A

Amber yellow

157
Q

What is the normal odor of urine?

A

Aromatic

158
Q

What is the normal pH level of urine?

A

4.6-8.0

159
Q

what is normal level of protein in urine

A

0-8mg/dL

160
Q

What is the normal specific gravity level in urine?

A

1.005-1.030

161
Q

What is the normal level of leukocyte estarase in urine?

A

negative

162
Q

What is the normal level of nitrites in urine?

A

None

163
Q

What is the normal level of ketones in the urine?

A

None

164
Q

What is the normal level of bilirubin in the urine?

A

None

165
Q

What is the normal level of urobilinogen in urine?

A

0.01-1 Ehrlich unit/mL

166
Q

What is the normal level of crystals in urine?

A

None

167
Q

What is the normal level of casts in urine?

A

None

168
Q

What is the normal level of glucose in urine?

A

negative

169
Q

What is the normal level of WBC in urine?

A

0-4/ low-power field

170
Q

What is the normal level of WBC cast in urine?

A

none

171
Q

What is the normal level of RBC in urine?

A

<2

172
Q

What is the normal level of RBC casts in urine

A

none

173
Q

AFTER LECTURE ADD SLIDES 42,43,44

A
174
Q

What should we know about 24 hour urine?

A
  1. It is the collection of urine for 24 hours
  2. Start time- discard 1st voiding
  3. End time- pt voids again to empty bladder
  4. Refrigeration or on ice
175
Q

What are sources of error with a 24 hour urine test?

A
  1. Contaminants in urine
  2. Failure to collect all urine during time period
  3. Including 1st voided urine
  4. Improper storage/preservation of specimen
176
Q

What should we know about urinary protein?

A
  1. Monitors kidney function
  2. Normally not present in normal kidney due to size barrier in glomerulus
  3. Dipstick method
    - 24 hour urine
177
Q

What can the presence of proteinuria indicate?

A
  1. Nephrotic syndrome
  2. multiple myeloma
  3. complications of DM
  4. glomerulonephritis
  5. amyloidosis
  6. Pre-eclampsia
178
Q

What lab work assess clotting factors?

A

Assess normal bleeding & coumadin therapy
1. PT (protime)
2. INR (international normalized ratio)

Assess heparin therapy
1.PTT (Partial thromboplastin time)

179
Q

What is the time frame for PT (clotting factors)

A

11.0-13.0 seconds

180
Q

What is a critical value for PT?

A

> 20 seconds

181
Q

What is the normal time frame for INR (clotting factors)

A

0.8-1.5 seconds (without coumadin)

182
Q

What is a critical level for INR? (Interventional normalized ratio)

A

> 5.5 seconds

183
Q

What is the normal time frame for a PTT (partial thromboplastin time)

A

30-45 secs

184
Q

What labs can show infectious organisms?

A
  1. Culture & Sensitivity
  2. blood cultures
  3. Stool testing
185
Q

What should we know about Culture & Sensitivity labs?

A
  1. Urine, blood, wound drainage, tissues and devices
  2. obtain specimen PRIOR to antibiotic therapy
  3. Preliminary report: 24hrs
  4. Final report: 72hrs
  5. Culture for fungus may take up to 6wks
  6. Culture may be performed after therapy completion to assess further treatment needs
186
Q

What should we know about blood culture levels

A
  1. Always collected first
  2. Site prep and aseptic technique is crucial
  3. Obtain 2 separate BC from 2 different sites
  4. Venipuncture preferred over central line sites
  5. Aerobic or anaerobic vial 1st?
187
Q

What should we know about stool testing?

A
  1. Fecal occult blood test (FOBT)
  2. C-Diff
  3. Culture and sensitivity

Module 2 (14 decks)

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