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N210 > Lab Values > Flashcards

Lab Values Flashcards

1
Q

normal range for potassium

A

K+ 3.5-5

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2
Q

normal functions for potassium

A

maintain resting potential of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle - muscle function and nerve impulse conduction

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3
Q

what can cause hypokalemia?

A

(less than 3.5)

  • diarrhea
  • diabetic ketoacidosis
  • potassium wasting diuretics
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4
Q

signs and symptoms of hypokalemia

A

(less than 3.5)

  • muscle weakness - life-threatening if respiratory muscles
  • cardiac dysrhythmias
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5
Q

what can hyperkalemia?

A

(greater than 5)

  • oliguria
  • kidney dysfunction
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6
Q

signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia?

A

(greater than 5)

  • muscle weakness
  • ascending paralysis
  • cardiac dysrhythmias
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7
Q

what is the main concern with hyperkalemia and hypokalemia? K+

A

arrhythmias and dysrhythmias

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8
Q

what is the normal range for calcium?

A

Ca+ 8.4-10.5

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9
Q

what is the normal function of calcium?

A

influences excitability of nerve and muscle cells - muscle contraction

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10
Q

where is calcium found?

A

blood, teeth, and blood clotting

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11
Q

what can cause hypocalcemia?

A

(less than 8.4)

  • diarrhea
  • malabsorption syndrome like chron’s disease
  • vitamin D deficiency
  • hypoparathyroidism
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12
Q

what vitamin is needed to absorb calcium?

A

vitamin D

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13
Q

signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia?

A

(less than 8.4)

  • numbness
  • tingling
  • positive chvostek’s sign
  • positive trousseau sign
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14
Q

chvostek’s sign

A

facial muscle spams caused by tapping a spot close to the ear

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15
Q

trousseau’s sign

A

hand spasm due to pressure on the arm like a blood pressure cough

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16
Q

paget’s disease

A

interferes with bone replacement cycle

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17
Q

what can cause hypercalcemia?

A

(greater than 10.5)

  • hyperparathyroidism
  • paget’s disease
  • thiazide diuretics
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18
Q

signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia

A

(greater than 10.5)

  • decreased reflexes
  • bone pain
  • weakness
  • confusion
  • lethargy
  • decreased level of consciousness
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19
Q

the normal level of magnesium?

A

Mg2+ 1.5-2.5

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20
Q

what can cause hypomagnesemia?

A

(less than 1.5)

  • dietary restrictions
  • diuretics
  • malabsorption
  • diabetic ketoacidosis
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21
Q

signs and symptoms of hypomagnesemia?

A

(less than 1.5)

  • hypocalcemia
  • irritable
  • hypertension
  • involuntary movements
  • hyperactive deep tendons reflex
  • positive chvostek’s sign
  • positive trousseau’s sign
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22
Q

what can cause hypermagnesemia?

A

(greater than 2.5)

  • end-stage renal disease
  • preeclampsia
  • administration of IV mag2+
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23
Q

signs and symptoms of hypermagnesemia?

A

(greater than 2.5)

  • lethargy
  • absent or diminished deep tendon reflex
  • EKG changes
  • nausea and vomiting
  • impaired breathing
  • cardiac arrest
  • hypotension
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24
Q

relationship between magnesium, calcium, and phosphate

A

magnesium and calcium are inversely related to phosphate

  • if magnesium and calcium are high, then phosphate will be low
  • of magnesium and calcium are low, the phosphate will be high
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25
Q

normal hematocrit range

A

men - 45-52%

women - 37-48%

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26
Q

what is hematocrit?

A

percent of the blood that is RBC

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27
Q

what increases hematocrit range?

A

increases with dehydration

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28
Q

normal hemaglobin range?

A

men - 13-18

women - 12-16

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29
Q

what can cause low hemoglobin levels?

A

(below 13 in men and 12 in women)

  • blood loss
  • hemolytic anemia
  • bone marrow suppression
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30
Q

symptoms of low hemoglobin?

A

(below 13 in men and 12 in women)

- dyspnea

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31
Q

what is hemoglobin?

A

part of the RBC that carries oxygen

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32
Q

what substance is needed to make hemoglobin?

A

iron

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33
Q

under what value of hemoglobin do you become concerned for a blood transfusion?

A

HGB under 10

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34
Q

normal relationship between hematocrit and hemoglobin?

A

hematocrit should be 3 times higher than hemoglobin

35
Q

what is the normal range for RBC?

A

men 4.7 - 6.1

women 4.2-5.4

36
Q

what is secreted by the kidneys to stimulate RBC production in the bone marrow?

A

erythropoietin

37
Q

what is inside a RBC?

A

hemaglobin - carries O2

38
Q

where are RBC made?

A

bone marrow

39
Q

what is required to make RBC?

A

B12 and folic acid

40
Q

what is anemia?

A

low RBC - decreased erythrocytes

41
Q

what are signs and symptoms of anemia?

A

pale, weak, SOB with activity

42
Q

what is polycythemia?

A

high RBC

43
Q

what does polycythemia due to blood?

A

blood becomes more viscous (thick)

44
Q

what does polycythemia decrease?

A

decreases percent of cellular O2

45
Q

what is the normal range for WBC?

A

5000-1000

46
Q

what does WBC do?

A

fight infection

47
Q

where are WBC made?

A

bone marrow and lymphoid tissue

48
Q

what are the two types of WBC?

A

granulocytes and agrunolocytes

49
Q

leukopenia

A

(less than 5,000)

- low levels of WBC - risk for infection

50
Q

leukemia

A

abnormal WBC - risk for infection

51
Q

leukocytosis

A

(greater than 10,000)

- high levels of WBC - fighting infection

52
Q

normal level for creatinine?

A

0.8-1.4

53
Q

what is creatinine?

A

waste product excreted by kidneys

54
Q

what do creatinine levels evaluate?

A

kidney function (some antibiotics are nephrotoxic)

55
Q

normal level for blood urea nitrogen (BUN)?

A

10-20

56
Q

what do BUN levels evaluate?

A

kidney function

57
Q

signs and symptoms of high BUN levels?

A

(greater than 20)

  • result of dehydration
  • may indicate low kidney function
  • mental confusion
58
Q

two kinds of total protein?

A

albumin and globulin

59
Q

what regulates albumin and globulins (total protein)?

A

regulated by the liver and kidneys

60
Q

what is the function of albumin?

A
  • carrying drugs
  • fluid balance
  • maintaining osmotic pressure
61
Q

what is the function of globulins?

A

immunity

62
Q

what does pre albumin evaluate?

A

nutritional status

63
Q

normal bilirubin level?

A

0.2-1.0

64
Q

what is bilirubin?

A

from destructed RBCs in the liver

65
Q

what does bile do?

A

give color to stool

66
Q

what do high bilirubin levels cause?

A

(greater than 1.0)

jaundice

67
Q

what should cholesterol be less than total?

A

150

68
Q

what does high cholesterol lead to?

A

(greater than 150)

- leads to atherosclerosis which can decrease blood flow and cause a MI or TIA

69
Q

what is ldl in terms of cholesterol?

A

l = lethal, bad cholesterol

70
Q

what is hdl in terms of cholesterol?

A

h = healthy, good cholesterol

71
Q

what do enzymes always end in?

A

“-ase”

72
Q

what is an isoenzyme?

A

can isolate the source of tissue damage

- damaged tissue will release the enzyme

73
Q

BNP

A

another marker for CHF

74
Q

elevated cardiac tropin

A

elevation shows cardiac event

75
Q

the normal range for platelet count/thrombocyte count

A

150,000-400,000

76
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

(less than 150,000)

  • idiopathic
  • bone marrow disease
  • drugs and radiation therapy
77
Q

thrombocytosis

A

(greater than 400,000)

  • malignant tumors
  • splenectomy
78
Q

aspirin and platelets

A

asprin interferes with clotting mechanism and the body compensates by producing platelets

79
Q

normal level for sodium

A

135-145

80
Q

what is hyponatremia?

A

(less than 135)

  • gain of more water than salt
  • loss of more salt than water
  • cells swell
81
Q

signs and symptoms of hyponatremia?

A

(less than 135)

  • decreased level of consciousness
  • confusion
  • lethargy
  • coma
  • seizures if it occurs rapidly
82
Q

what is hypernatremia?

A

(greater than 145)

  • loss of more water than salt
  • gain of more salt than water
  • cells shrivel
83
Q

signs and symptoms of hypernatremia?

A

(greater than 145)

  • decreased level of consciousness
  • confusion
  • lethargy
  • coma
  • thirst
  • seizures if it occurs rapidly

N210 (8 decks)

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