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biology lab > lab seven > Flashcards

lab seven Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is biotechnology

A

use of organisms or their components to make or modify products useful to humans

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2
Q

how long has traditional biotechnology been used

A

for centuries

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3
Q

examples of traditional biotechnology

A

animal breeding, selective plant, and fermintation

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4
Q

what is modern biotechnology

A

manipulation of DNA in vitro

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5
Q

what does modern biotechnology do

A

permit alternation of specific DNA sequences and transfer of genes between organisms

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6
Q

what is the structure of DNA

A

large double stranded molecule

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7
Q

what is each stand of DNA composed of

A

nucleotides

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8
Q

what are the three parts of each nucleotide composed of

A

nitrogen base, sugar, and phosphate group with negative charge

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9
Q

how are nucleotides joined in two strands of DNA

A

phosphodiester bonds

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10
Q

between two stands of DNA _______ ______ are formed between __________ -_________ _______

A

hydrogen bonds, complimentary niitrogen bases

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11
Q

information that is encoded in _____ is ______ into complementary ________ copy

A

DNA, transcribed, RNA

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12
Q

what is the RNA copy translated into

A

amino acid= building blocks of proteins

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13
Q

what is the flow of information from DNA -RNA- protein called

A

central dogma

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14
Q

what must biological samples collected from DNA contain

A

nucleated

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15
Q

what is the steps involved in processing crime sense DNA

A
  1. DNA extraction
  2. polymerase chain reaction
  3. restriction fragment analysis
  4. interpreting results
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16
Q

where is DNA extracted from

A

nuclei of the cell

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17
Q

how is extraction accomplished

A

chemically lysing the cell and nuclei to liberate DNA

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18
Q

what are the numerous copies of specific DNA used for

A

subsequent analysis

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19
Q

what is the polymerase chain reaction

A

process that makes rapid identical copies of DNA sequences

20
Q

what are the four ingredients required for polymerase chain rection

A
  1. DNA extract
  2. each of 4 deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates
  3. primers
  4. DNA polymerase
21
Q

what are primers

A

short segments of synthetic DNA necessary for initiation of DNA replication

22
Q

what is thermal cycler

A

an automated system that maintains a series of temp. for specific time period

23
Q

what are the three steps in each PCR cycle

A
  1. denaturation of DNA
  2. annealing of primers
  3. extension of primers
24
Q

what happens during denaturation of DNA

A

heat to separate two strands of DNA double helix

25
Q

what happens during annealing of primers

A

cool so primers can bond to dingle strand of DNA

26
Q

what happens during extension of primers

A

heat to allow DNA polymerase to add dNTP to end of primer

27
Q

what happens to DNA at the end of each PCR cycle

A

DNA sequence is doubled in quantity

28
Q

what are restriction fragment analyisis

A

enables an indirect comparison of nucleotide sequences in different DNA samples

29
Q

what do restriction enzymes do

A

cut DNA

30
Q

what is restriction fragment

A

resulting length of DNA

31
Q

what are the steps of restriction fragment analysis

A
  1. restriction digest
  2. gel electrophoresis
32
Q

what happens during restriction digest

A

enzyme is added to PCR product and solution is placed in incubator

33
Q

what does the enzyme so during restriction digest

A

enzyme cuts DNA in PCR products into specific fragment sizes and #

34
Q

what is gel electrophoresis

A

allows us to separate the restriction fragment based upon molecular size difference

35
Q

what is used to load the samples

A

pipette

36
Q

what is at the end of the gel

A

wells

37
Q

what charge is DNA

A

negatively charged

38
Q

what is the procedure for loading a gel

A

1.working in groups
2. assigned one dye sample
3.use a new tip for your sample
4. load 10 ml of dye into assigned well

39
Q

what is the use of the loader

A

a reference to estimate the size of unknown DNA present in sample

40
Q

what are some bands more darker

A

because more fragments of these sizes were added to the ladder

40
Q

what are some bands more darker

A

because more fragments of these sizes were added to the ladder

41
Q

what are the basic principles of gel display

A
  1. biological sample are collected
  2. DNA extracted
  3. differences in nucleotide sequences between samples is determined
42
Q

what happens to DNA from a child

A

it is cut in half by restriction enzyme= either same as mom or dad

43
Q

what is recombinants of DNA

A

DNA from 2 different sources are combined into 1 molecule

44
Q

what are genetically modified organisms

A

organisms that acquired genes through an artificial process

45
Q

what are restriction enzymes

A

techniques used in recombinant DNA technology

biology lab (7 decks)

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