lab seven Flashcards
what is biotechnology
use of organisms or their components to make or modify products useful to humans
how long has traditional biotechnology been used
for centuries
examples of traditional biotechnology
animal breeding, selective plant, and fermintation
what is modern biotechnology
manipulation of DNA in vitro
what does modern biotechnology do
permit alternation of specific DNA sequences and transfer of genes between organisms
what is the structure of DNA
large double stranded molecule
what is each stand of DNA composed of
nucleotides
what are the three parts of each nucleotide composed of
nitrogen base, sugar, and phosphate group with negative charge
how are nucleotides joined in two strands of DNA
phosphodiester bonds
between two stands of DNA _______ ______ are formed between __________ -_________ _______
hydrogen bonds, complimentary niitrogen bases
information that is encoded in _____ is ______ into complementary ________ copy
DNA, transcribed, RNA
what is the RNA copy translated into
amino acid= building blocks of proteins
what is the flow of information from DNA -RNA- protein called
central dogma
what must biological samples collected from DNA contain
nucleated
what is the steps involved in processing crime sense DNA
- DNA extraction
- polymerase chain reaction
- restriction fragment analysis
- interpreting results
where is DNA extracted from
nuclei of the cell
how is extraction accomplished
chemically lysing the cell and nuclei to liberate DNA
what are the numerous copies of specific DNA used for
subsequent analysis
what is the polymerase chain reaction
process that makes rapid identical copies of DNA sequences
what are the four ingredients required for polymerase chain rection
- DNA extract
- each of 4 deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates
- primers
- DNA polymerase
what are primers
short segments of synthetic DNA necessary for initiation of DNA replication
what is thermal cycler
an automated system that maintains a series of temp. for specific time period
what are the three steps in each PCR cycle
- denaturation of DNA
- annealing of primers
- extension of primers
what happens during denaturation of DNA
heat to separate two strands of DNA double helix
what happens during annealing of primers
cool so primers can bond to dingle strand of DNA
what happens during extension of primers
heat to allow DNA polymerase to add dNTP to end of primer
what happens to DNA at the end of each PCR cycle
DNA sequence is doubled in quantity
what are restriction fragment analyisis
enables an indirect comparison of nucleotide sequences in different DNA samples
what do restriction enzymes do
cut DNA
what is restriction fragment
resulting length of DNA
what are the steps of restriction fragment analysis
- restriction digest
- gel electrophoresis
what happens during restriction digest
enzyme is added to PCR product and solution is placed in incubator
what does the enzyme so during restriction digest
enzyme cuts DNA in PCR products into specific fragment sizes and #
what is gel electrophoresis
allows us to separate the restriction fragment based upon molecular size difference
what is used to load the samples
pipette
what is at the end of the gel
wells
what charge is DNA
negatively charged
what is the procedure for loading a gel
1.working in groups
2. assigned one dye sample
3.use a new tip for your sample
4. load 10 ml of dye into assigned well
what is the use of the loader
a reference to estimate the size of unknown DNA present in sample
what are some bands more darker
because more fragments of these sizes were added to the ladder
what are some bands more darker
because more fragments of these sizes were added to the ladder
what are the basic principles of gel display
- biological sample are collected
- DNA extracted
- differences in nucleotide sequences between samples is determined
what happens to DNA from a child
it is cut in half by restriction enzyme= either same as mom or dad
what is recombinants of DNA
DNA from 2 different sources are combined into 1 molecule
what are genetically modified organisms
organisms that acquired genes through an artificial process
what are restriction enzymes
techniques used in recombinant DNA technology
