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biology lab > lab 5 > Flashcards

lab 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

a gene can come in different forms called?

A

alleles

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2
Q

what is a dominant allele

A

one whose phenotypic effect is the same in both heterozygous and homozygous conditions

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3
Q

what is a recessive allele

A

is one that is not expressed phenotypically in heterozygous forms

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4
Q

what are heterozygous

A

has two different alleles for the gene

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5
Q

what type of organism is a heterozygous

A

diploid organism

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6
Q

what are homozygous

A

has two identical alleles for the gene

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7
Q

what type of organism is a homozygous

A

diploid organism

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8
Q

what are genotypes

A

genetic makeup of an organism,

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9
Q

how are genotypes expressed

A

with letters AAaa

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10
Q

what are phenotypes

A

physical appearance of an organism for a particular trait

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11
Q

how are phenotypes expressed

A

with descriptive words (tall seeding)

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12
Q

what is frequency

A

the proportion of one type of thing to total population

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13
Q

what is used to separate items in a series for frequency

A

comas

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14
Q

what is used to separate items in the ratio

A

colons

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15
Q

what is a ratio

A

proportion of one type of thing to another

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16
Q

how do you calculate ratio

A

divide all numbers in a series by the lowest number

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17
Q

what are two original parents represented by

A

P1 and P2

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18
Q

what are the offspring of P1 and P2 represented by

A

F1

19
Q

how are the offspring from F1 a result of

A

self-fertilization

20
Q

what is F2 generation called

A

second filial

21
Q

what is a gene

A

a factor of inheritance for a particular trait/ characteristic of an organism

22
Q

what is a gene composed of

A

specific nucleotide sequence in DNA

23
Q

what does nucleotide sequence acts as

A

template for RNA synthesis and formation of specific protein in cell

24
Q

what is a punnett square

A

used to simulate all possible combinations of male and female gametes to form offspring

25
Q

what is a monohybrid cross

A

between two organisms that differ in respects to one characteristic (Aa)

26
Q

what is mendels first law

A

alleles of one gene segregate from one another during formation of gametes

27
Q

what is the principle of dominance

A

when parents differ in one characteristic, their hybrid offspring resemble only one parent and not a blend of both

28
Q

what is the principle of segregation

A

half passing on dominant character of one parent and other half passing on recessive character

29
Q

what is a dihybrid cross

A

is between two organisms that differ with respect to two characteristics

30
Q

how many genes should a diploid have

A

should have two copies of each gene AABB

31
Q

hoe many genes should a haploid have

A

only one of each gene AB

32
Q

what is mendels second law

A

alleles of different genes assort independently of one another during gamete formation

33
Q

will there be an equal chance or unequal chance of genes being assorted independently

A

equal chance that an allele of one gene ends up with either of the alleles of other gene

34
Q

what is a test cross

A

crossing an individual of unknown genotype with homozygous recessive individuals

35
Q

different chromosomes are _________________

A

independent assortment

36
Q

same chromosomes are _________

A

gene linkage

37
Q

if two +genes are located _________ ________on a chromosomes, they move __________ during formation

A

close together and together

38
Q

when genes are close together and move together during gamete formation what are they

A

linked

39
Q

what is crossing over

A

genetic exchange that occurs between homologous chromosomes in prophase 1

40
Q

what happens is two genes are far apart

A

expect a greater chance of a breakage occuring somewhere between two genes in question

41
Q

what is the result of two genes that are far apart

A

relatively large number of recombinant gametes (closer to 0.5)

42
Q

what is the result of two genes that are two close together

A

recombinant offspring would be closer to frequency 0

43
Q

what happens if two genes are close together

A

expect fewer breakages to occur between and result in low number of recombinants

44
Q

characteristics that are passed from parents to offspring are actually ______ located on __________

A

genes and chromosomes

biology lab (7 decks)

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