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biology lab > lab 6 > Flashcards

lab 6 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what determines if plants or animals are female or male

A

sex chromosomes

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2
Q

what are non-sex chromosomes called

A

autosomes

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3
Q

females have ____________ chromosomes

A

two x

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4
Q

males have ____________ chromsomes

A

one x and one y

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5
Q

what does meiosis produce

A

haploids

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6
Q

how is sex of offspring determined

A

by the type of male gamete that fertilizes the female

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7
Q

gametes with either x or y chromosomes are created with _______ frequencies

A

equal

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8
Q

how many pairs of autosomes and sex chromsomes do humans have

A

22 and 1

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9
Q

what happens if a gamete with abnormal chromosome complement participates in fertilization

A

result with an abnormal amount of number of chromosomes and phenotypic abnormalities

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10
Q

what is a karyotype

A

a photograph of chromosomes of an actively dividing cell

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11
Q

in diploid individual the chromosome are arranged into ___________ ________

A

homologous pair

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12
Q

what are the phenotypic abnormalities of turner syndrome

A

-short stature and non-functioning ovaries
-webbed neck and wide chest

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13
Q

who does turner syndrome affect

A

females

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14
Q

how is the karyotype different from normal females with turner syndrome

A

missing an x

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15
Q

what is the phenotypic abnormalities of down syndrome

A

-mild to moderate mental deficiency
-almond shaped eyes
-poor muscle tone
-short limbs/neck

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16
Q

how is the karyotype different from normal with down syndrome

A

an extra chromosome on chromosome 21

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17
Q

what are some of the phenotypic abnormalities of klinefelter syndrome

A

-sterile with small testes
-low levels of testosterone
-learning disability

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18
Q

how is karyotypic difference from normal males different in klinefelter syndrome

A

an extra x chromosome

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19
Q

who does klinefelter syndrome effect

A

males

20
Q

are the dominant phenotypic characteristics always the most common

A

no

21
Q

the x chromosome carries same number of ______
as ___________

A

genes and autosome

22
Q

y chromosome has ______ chromosomes

A

fewer

23
Q

what are genes located on x chromosome said to be

A

sex-linked

24
Q

are sex linked traits related to sex

A

no they produce phenotypes like red-green colour blindness

25
Q

how is more likely to exhibit sex linked recessive trait

A

males

26
Q

heterozygous females dont exhibit sex linked traits but are _______

A

carriers

27
Q

what is red-green colour blindness

A

general term for spectrum of relatively common sex-linked recessive disorder

28
Q

what is colour blindess include

A

protan and deutan

29
Q

what is protan

A

deficiency caused by reduced # or complete absense of red photoreceptors in eye

30
Q

what does deficiency of protan result in

A

reduce visibility and darkening of reds

31
Q

what is deutan

A

deficency caused by reduced # or complete absense of green phtoreceptors

32
Q

what does deficiency of deutan result in

A

reduced visibility or greens and is in 6% of males

33
Q

what is a pedigree chart

A

analysis of how phenotypes are passed on from parents to off-spring

34
Q

what are polygenic inheritance

A

phenotypic traits that involve contribution from alleles of many genes at many locations and on separate chromosomes

34
Q

what are two characteristics of polygenic inheritance

A

continuous range of phenotypes and normal distribution

35
Q

what are polygenic traits influenced by

A

environmental factors

36
Q

what can a test cross between heteroxygous and homozygous recessive be used for

A

determining the occurance of non-mendelian inheritance like gene linkage

37
Q

the crossover frequency between two linked genes is _________ to _________ between them

A

proportional and distance

38
Q

if genes are close together what is the outcome

A

low probability of crossing over resulting in very low number of recombinants

39
Q

if genes are close together what is the outcome

A

low probability of crossing over resulting in very low number of recombinants

40
Q

if genes are further apart what is the outcome

A

increase probability of crossing over and higher probability of recombinants

41
Q

the test cross is ______

A

gene linkage

42
Q

how is the distance between two genes measured

A

mind map

43
Q

what is gene linkage

A

% of offspring that result in recombinants or the closeness of genes

44
Q

how is the percent recombination calculated

A

dividing # of recombinants by total # of offspring x 100

biology lab (7 decks)

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