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biology lab > lab 4 > Flashcards

lab 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a diploid organism

A

have two sets of chromosomes in their cells 2n

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2
Q

what is an allele

A

an alternative version of a gene (dominant or recessive)

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3
Q

what is a gene

A

unit of hereditary info that contributes to inheritable traits of organism

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4
Q

what are homologous chromosomes

A

chromosomes that have the same shape, size, centromere position, and sequence of genes

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5
Q

when do homologous chromosomes pair up

A

in prophase 1

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6
Q

what do homologous chromosomes form in pair up

A

tetrad

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7
Q

meiosis 1 (diploid to haploid)

A

first division when homologous chromosomes separate into two different cells

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8
Q

what happens to chromosome number at the end of meiosis 1

A

chromosomes are halved

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9
Q

what is meiosis 2

A

second division when replicated chromosomes are separated into single chromosomes

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10
Q

what is ploidy

A

number of sets of chromosomes in a cell

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11
Q

n= number of chromosomes

A

haploid

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12
Q

2n= number of chromosomes

A

diploid

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13
Q

what is a eukaryote considered in only one of each type of chromosome in nucleus? haploid or diploid

A

haploid

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14
Q

when is replicated chromosome formed

A

when single chromosome undergoes DNA synthesis

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15
Q

are replicated chromosomes identical or not

A

identical and carry same alleles

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16
Q

where are genes found

A

loci or location

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17
Q

what are dominant alleles

A

capital letters

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18
Q

what are recessive alleles

A

lower case letters

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19
Q

what is the genotype

A

ordered list of alleles it carries for any gene

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20
Q

what happens during prophase 1

A

crossing over, chromosome condense, spindle microtubules form, tetrad form

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21
Q

what happens during prometaphase 1

A

nuclear envelope breaks down, spindle microtubules attach to centromere

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22
Q

what happens during metaphase 1

A

tetrad line up in midregion

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23
Q

what happens during anaphase 1

A

homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite sides

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24
Q

what happens during telophase 1

A

nuclear envelope re-forms, replicated chromosomes arrive at pole and uncoil, spindle disappear, cytokinesis

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25
Q

what happens during interkinesis

A

DNA doesnt replicate and very short stage

26
Q

what happens during prophase 2

A

chromosomes replicate, and spindle apparatus form

27
Q

what happens during prometaphase 2

A

nuclear envelope break down. spindle microtubules attach to centromere

28
Q

what happens during metaphase 2

A

replicated chromosomes line up on midline

29
Q

what happens during anaphase 2

A

centromeres separate and single chromosomes move to opposite sides

29
Q

what happens during anaphase 2

A

centromeres separate and single chromosomes move to opposite sides

30
Q

what happens during telophase 2

A

chromosomes uncoil, spindles disappear, nuclear envelope re-forms, nucleoli visible, cytokinesis, and 4 daughter cells

31
Q

what are diploid cells called during meiosis of plant cells

A

sporocytes

32
Q

what are reproductive organs called within sporocytes

A

sporangia

33
Q

what do sporangia form

A

haploid spores

34
Q

what is plant cells life cycle called

A

alternation of generation

35
Q

what is diploid generation called in plants

A

sporophyte

36
Q

where are haploid spores produces by meiosis within?

A

sporangia

37
Q

what does alternating of generations mean

A

distinct multicellular haploid and diploid stages

38
Q

what do spores produce as they undergo meiosis

A

multicellular haploid gametophyte

39
Q

what are within gametophyte

A

reproductive organs that produce gametes by mitosis

40
Q

what is more dominant in plants sporophyte or gametophyte

A

sporophyte; diploid most obvious stage

41
Q

what is the male gametophyte in flowering plants

A

pollen grains

42
Q

what are rhizome

A

underground stem that large leaves grow from

43
Q

what are brown sports called on ferns

A

sori

44
Q

where do sori develope

A

underside of mature leaves

45
Q

what is each sorus reproductive structure called

A

sporangia

46
Q

what are diploid cells called inside of sporangium

A

sporocytes

47
Q

do sporocytes undergo meiosis or mitosis

A

meiosis

48
Q

what are sporocyte haploid cells called

A

spores

49
Q

what happens when spores mature

A

discharge from sporangia

50
Q

what shape are fern gametophyte

A

tiny heart shapes called prothallus

51
Q

what are the fine root like structures of gametophyte called

A

rhizoids

52
Q

what are the reproductive organs called of gametophytes

A

male= antheridia
female= archegonia

53
Q

gametophyte go through mitosis and produces what?

A

antheridia= sperm
archegonium= egg

54
Q

what happens after fertilization between antheridium and archegonium

A

diploid zygote develops by repeated mitotic division

55
Q

what are the reproductive organs in animals

A

ovaries and testes

55
Q

what are the reproductive organs in animals

A

ovaries and testes

56
Q

in animals life cycle what does nuclear division result in

A

haploid gametes

57
Q

what is chiasma

A

the region where crossing over happens in prophase 1

58
Q

where does meiosis only occur in animals

A

in ovaries and testes

59
Q

in animal life cycle does it go under mitosis or meiosis

A

mitosis

biology lab (7 decks)

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