lab 3

Question 1

what is a solute

Answer 1

a substance that is dissolved in a liquid

Question 2

what is a solvent

Answer 2

a liquid that has dissolved or can dissolve one or more solutes

Question 3

what is a solution

Answer 3

a liquid and its dissolved solutes

Question 4

how do plasma membranes let molecules move through freely

Answer 4

osmosis and diffusion

Question 5

what is diffusion

Answer 5

random movements of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration

Question 6

what happens during diffusion

Answer 6

gases are exchanged between cells and the environment

Question 7

what is exchanged during diffusion

Answer 7

inorganic salts are taken into plant and animal cell and ions exchanged in kidney, muscle, and nerves of animals

Question 8

what kind of transport are diffusion and osmosis

Answer 8

passive transport (without energy)

Question 9

what is osmosis

Answer 9

movement of solvents through selectively permeable membrane from low solute to high solute

Question 10

why is osmosis important in plants

Answer 10

it maintains rigidity, transporting food, and water uptake

Question 11

why is osmosis important in animals

Answer 11

kidney function, exchange of fluid between blood and tissue, and other functions

Question 12

what cellular structure is selectively permeable in animals

Answer 12

cell membrane

Question 13

what cellular structure is selectively permeable in plant cells

Answer 13

plasma membrane

Question 14

what is isotonic conditions

Answer 14

solute concentration same inside and outside of cell

Question 15

what is hypertonic

Answer 15

higher solute concentration (above)

Question 16

what is hypotonic

Answer 16

lower solute concentration(below)

Question 17

what happens if solute is higher within the cell

Answer 17

water moves into the cell by osmosis

Question 18

what happens if the solute is lower within the cell

Answer 18

water moves out of the cell

Question 19

what happens when water enter through osmosis and enters the central vacuole

Answer 19

the vacuole with increase in size/ volume

Question 20

what stops plant cells from bursting

Answer 20

from the presence of a somewhat elastic, relatively rigid cell wall

Question 21

what makes a cell purple

Answer 21

flavonoid

Question 22

where is flavonoid located

Answer 22

in the nucleus

Question 23

what is plasmolysis

Answer 23

the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall, could kill the cell

Question 24

what happens when plasmolysis happens

Answer 24

wilting in plant tissues

Question 25

how do prokaryotic cells divide

Answer 25

binary fusion

Question 26

how often do prokaryotes divide

Answer 26

can double every 20 mins

Question 27

what are chromatin

Answer 27

combination of DNA and associated proteins

Question 28

what are chromosomes composed of

Answer 28

DNA and proteins

Question 29

what is the longest phase of the cell cycle

Answer 29

interphase

Question 30

what happens during interphase

Answer 30

cell grows and synthesizes new organelles and proteins in preparation for cell division

Question 31

what are genes

Answer 31

specific nucleotide sequences of DNA that code for particular characteristics

Question 32

what is the cell cycle

Answer 32

regular cycle that cells undergo

Question 33

where is DNA located

Answer 33

nucleus

Question 34

what are the two major steps of eukaryote cell division

Answer 34

mitosis and cytokinesis

Question 35

what is mitosis

Answer 35

division of the nucleus, resulting in two genetically identical daughter nuclei

Question 36

what is cytokinesis

Answer 36

division of cytoplasm between the two resulting daughter cells

Question 37

what happens during stage S

Answer 37

DNA synthesis= sister chromatin

Question 38

what is replicated chromosome

Answer 38

it is a chromosome that is an exact copy of itself

Question 39

what is a sister chromatid

Answer 39

two identical halves of replicated chromosomes

Question 40

what is the centromere

Answer 40

region associated with sister chromatid

Question 41

hat are the major functions of mitosis

Answer 41

-produce and maintain multicellularity -asexual reproduction (clone) -replace old or damaged tissue

Question 42

what happens in G1 stage

Answer 42

cell growth- new organelles and protein synthesized

Question 43

what happens in G2 stage

Answer 43

cell growth- second period of cell growth preparing for division

Question 44

what happens in prophase

Answer 44

replicated chromosomes condense and spindle microtubules form

Question 45

what happens in prometaphase

Answer 45

nuclear envelope break down, and spindles grow and attach to centromeres

Question 46

what happens in metaphase

Answer 46

spindle completely forms, replicated chromosomes line in middle

Question 47

what is the metaphase plate

Answer 47

where chromosomes line along the midregion

Question 48

what happens in anaphase

Answer 48

centromeres of chromosome separate, and single chromosomes pulled by centromeres to opposite sides

Question 49

what happens in telophase of animal cells

Answer 49

nuclear envelope form, cytokinesis begins forming cell plate between two nuclei

Question 50

what happens in telophase of animal cell

Answer 50

nuclear envelope form, cytokinesis begins and pinches the two cells to separate

Question 51

what is the root apical meristem

Answer 51

region of rapid cell division near tip of cell

Question 51

what is the root apical meristem

Answer 51

region of rapid cell division near tip of cell

Question 52

how to calculate amount of time spent in each stage

Answer 52

calculate time in each stage= # cells in phase / grand total x 960 mins

Question 53

what is the evolution of multicellularity

Answer 53

the transition from unicellular to colonial form then from colinial to multiciliary

Question 54

what is a colony

Answer 54

individual cells that adhere to each other

Question 55

what are the two cell types of volvox

Answer 55

somatic and reproductive cells

Question 56

what are somatic cells

Answer 56

make up the wall of organisms

Question 57

what are reproductive cells

Answer 57

undergo repeated mitotic division to produce a small sphere

Question 58

what are the small sphere a result of (reproductive cells)

Answer 58

asexual reproduction and miniature version of parent organisms with hollow center

Question 59

what happens when the volvox is mature

Answer 59

parent ruptures and releases small spherical "daughter organisms"

Question 60

what holds individuals together in a colony

Answer 60

gelatinous matrix

Question 61

how do adjacent cells communicate

Answer 61

cytoplasmic bridges

Question 62

do simple colonial alga have flagella

Answer 62

they have two