lab 3 Flashcards
what is a solute
a substance that is dissolved in a liquid
what is a solvent
a liquid that has dissolved or can dissolve one or more solutes
what is a solution
a liquid and its dissolved solutes
how do plasma membranes let molecules move through freely
osmosis and diffusion
what is diffusion
random movements of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration
what happens during diffusion
gases are exchanged between cells and the environment
what is exchanged during diffusion
inorganic salts are taken into plant and animal cell and ions exchanged in kidney, muscle, and nerves of animals
what kind of transport are diffusion and osmosis
passive transport (without energy)
what is osmosis
movement of solvents through selectively permeable membrane from low solute to high solute
why is osmosis important in plants
it maintains rigidity, transporting food, and water uptake
why is osmosis important in animals
kidney function, exchange of fluid between blood and tissue, and other functions
what cellular structure is selectively permeable in animals
cell membrane
what cellular structure is selectively permeable in plant cells
plasma membrane
what is isotonic conditions
solute concentration same inside and outside of cell
what is hypertonic
higher solute concentration (above)
what is hypotonic
lower solute concentration(below)
what happens if solute is higher within the cell
water moves into the cell by osmosis
what happens if the solute is lower within the cell
water moves out of the cell
what happens when water enter through osmosis and enters the central vacuole
the vacuole with increase in size/ volume
what stops plant cells from bursting
from the presence of a somewhat elastic, relatively rigid cell wall
what makes a cell purple
flavonoid
where is flavonoid located
in the nucleus
what is plasmolysis
the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall, could kill the cell
what happens when plasmolysis happens
wilting in plant tissues
how do prokaryotic cells divide
binary fusion
how often do prokaryotes divide
can double every 20 mins
what are chromatin
combination of DNA and associated proteins
what are chromosomes composed of
DNA and proteins
what is the longest phase of the cell cycle
interphase
what happens during interphase
cell grows and synthesizes new organelles and proteins in preparation for cell division
what are genes
specific nucleotide sequences of DNA that code for particular characteristics
what is the cell cycle
regular cycle that cells undergo
where is DNA located
nucleus
what are the two major steps of eukaryote cell division
mitosis and cytokinesis
what is mitosis
division of the nucleus, resulting in two genetically identical daughter nuclei
what is cytokinesis
division of cytoplasm between the two resulting daughter cells
what happens during stage S
DNA synthesis= sister chromatin
what is replicated chromosome
it is a chromosome that is an exact copy of itself
what is a sister chromatid
two identical halves of replicated chromosomes
what is the centromere
region associated with sister chromatid
hat are the major functions of mitosis
-produce and maintain multicellularity
-asexual reproduction (clone)
-replace old or damaged tissue
what happens in G1 stage
cell growth- new organelles and protein synthesized
what happens in G2 stage
cell growth- second period of cell growth preparing for division
what happens in prophase
replicated chromosomes condense and spindle microtubules form
what happens in prometaphase
nuclear envelope break down, and spindles grow and attach to centromeres
what happens in metaphase
spindle completely forms, replicated chromosomes line in middle
what is the metaphase plate
where chromosomes line along the midregion
what happens in anaphase
centromeres of chromosome separate, and single chromosomes pulled by centromeres to opposite sides
what happens in telophase of animal cells
nuclear envelope form, cytokinesis begins forming cell plate between two nuclei
what happens in telophase of animal cell
nuclear envelope form, cytokinesis begins and pinches the two cells to separate
what is the root apical meristem
region of rapid cell division near tip of cell
what is the root apical meristem
region of rapid cell division near tip of cell
how to calculate amount of time spent in each stage
calculate time in each stage= # cells in phase / grand total x 960 mins
what is the evolution of multicellularity
the transition from unicellular to colonial form then from colinial to multiciliary
what is a colony
individual cells that adhere to each other
what are the two cell types of volvox
somatic and reproductive cells
what are somatic cells
make up the wall of organisms
what are reproductive cells
undergo repeated mitotic division to produce a small sphere
what are the small sphere a result of (reproductive cells)
asexual reproduction and miniature version of parent organisms with hollow center
what happens when the volvox is mature
parent ruptures and releases small spherical “daughter organisms”
what holds individuals together in a colony
gelatinous matrix
how do adjacent cells communicate
cytoplasmic bridges
do simple colonial alga have flagella
they have two
