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biology lab > lab 3 > Flashcards

lab 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a solute

A

a substance that is dissolved in a liquid

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2
Q

what is a solvent

A

a liquid that has dissolved or can dissolve one or more solutes

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3
Q

what is a solution

A

a liquid and its dissolved solutes

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4
Q

how do plasma membranes let molecules move through freely

A

osmosis and diffusion

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5
Q

what is diffusion

A

random movements of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration

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6
Q

what happens during diffusion

A

gases are exchanged between cells and the environment

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7
Q

what is exchanged during diffusion

A

inorganic salts are taken into plant and animal cell and ions exchanged in kidney, muscle, and nerves of animals

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8
Q

what kind of transport are diffusion and osmosis

A

passive transport (without energy)

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9
Q

what is osmosis

A

movement of solvents through selectively permeable membrane from low solute to high solute

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10
Q

why is osmosis important in plants

A

it maintains rigidity, transporting food, and water uptake

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11
Q

why is osmosis important in animals

A

kidney function, exchange of fluid between blood and tissue, and other functions

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12
Q

what cellular structure is selectively permeable in animals

A

cell membrane

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13
Q

what cellular structure is selectively permeable in plant cells

A

plasma membrane

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14
Q

what is isotonic conditions

A

solute concentration same inside and outside of cell

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15
Q

what is hypertonic

A

higher solute concentration (above)

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16
Q

what is hypotonic

A

lower solute concentration(below)

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17
Q

what happens if solute is higher within the cell

A

water moves into the cell by osmosis

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18
Q

what happens if the solute is lower within the cell

A

water moves out of the cell

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19
Q

what happens when water enter through osmosis and enters the central vacuole

A

the vacuole with increase in size/ volume

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20
Q

what stops plant cells from bursting

A

from the presence of a somewhat elastic, relatively rigid cell wall

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21
Q

what makes a cell purple

A

flavonoid

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22
Q

where is flavonoid located

A

in the nucleus

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23
Q

what is plasmolysis

A

the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall, could kill the cell

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24
Q

what happens when plasmolysis happens

A

wilting in plant tissues

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25
Q

how do prokaryotic cells divide

A

binary fusion

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26
Q

how often do prokaryotes divide

A

can double every 20 mins

27
Q

what are chromatin

A

combination of DNA and associated proteins

28
Q

what are chromosomes composed of

A

DNA and proteins

29
Q

what is the longest phase of the cell cycle

A

interphase

30
Q

what happens during interphase

A

cell grows and synthesizes new organelles and proteins in preparation for cell division

31
Q

what are genes

A

specific nucleotide sequences of DNA that code for particular characteristics

32
Q

what is the cell cycle

A

regular cycle that cells undergo

33
Q

where is DNA located

A

nucleus

34
Q

what are the two major steps of eukaryote cell division

A

mitosis and cytokinesis

35
Q

what is mitosis

A

division of the nucleus, resulting in two genetically identical daughter nuclei

36
Q

what is cytokinesis

A

division of cytoplasm between the two resulting daughter cells

37
Q

what happens during stage S

A

DNA synthesis= sister chromatin

38
Q

what is replicated chromosome

A

it is a chromosome that is an exact copy of itself

39
Q

what is a sister chromatid

A

two identical halves of replicated chromosomes

40
Q

what is the centromere

A

region associated with sister chromatid

41
Q

hat are the major functions of mitosis

A

-produce and maintain multicellularity
-asexual reproduction (clone)
-replace old or damaged tissue

42
Q

what happens in G1 stage

A

cell growth- new organelles and protein synthesized

43
Q

what happens in G2 stage

A

cell growth- second period of cell growth preparing for division

44
Q

what happens in prophase

A

replicated chromosomes condense and spindle microtubules form

45
Q

what happens in prometaphase

A

nuclear envelope break down, and spindles grow and attach to centromeres

46
Q

what happens in metaphase

A

spindle completely forms, replicated chromosomes line in middle

47
Q

what is the metaphase plate

A

where chromosomes line along the midregion

48
Q

what happens in anaphase

A

centromeres of chromosome separate, and single chromosomes pulled by centromeres to opposite sides

49
Q

what happens in telophase of animal cells

A

nuclear envelope form, cytokinesis begins forming cell plate between two nuclei

50
Q

what happens in telophase of animal cell

A

nuclear envelope form, cytokinesis begins and pinches the two cells to separate

51
Q

what is the root apical meristem

A

region of rapid cell division near tip of cell

51
Q

what is the root apical meristem

A

region of rapid cell division near tip of cell

52
Q

how to calculate amount of time spent in each stage

A

calculate time in each stage= # cells in phase / grand total x 960 mins

53
Q

what is the evolution of multicellularity

A

the transition from unicellular to colonial form then from colinial to multiciliary

54
Q

what is a colony

A

individual cells that adhere to each other

55
Q

what are the two cell types of volvox

A

somatic and reproductive cells

56
Q

what are somatic cells

A

make up the wall of organisms

57
Q

what are reproductive cells

A

undergo repeated mitotic division to produce a small sphere

58
Q

what are the small sphere a result of (reproductive cells)

A

asexual reproduction and miniature version of parent organisms with hollow center

59
Q

what happens when the volvox is mature

A

parent ruptures and releases small spherical “daughter organisms”

60
Q

what holds individuals together in a colony

A

gelatinous matrix

61
Q

how do adjacent cells communicate

A

cytoplasmic bridges

62
Q

do simple colonial alga have flagella

A

they have two

biology lab (7 decks)

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